China

China (中华人民共和国), officially known as The People's Republic of China, is a country in Asia. It's bordering countries include Afghanistan, Bhutan,  Afghanistan, Bhutan,  Burma,  India,  Kazakhstan,  North Korea, Kyrgyzstan,  Laos,  Mongolia,  Nepal,  Pakistan,  Russia,  Tajikistan,  Myanmar, and  Vietnam. It is one of the few communist countries. (5; China, Cuba, Vietnam, and Laos.)

Appearance
China's appearance has a red color, 5 gold stars (the 1 beside the 4 smaller gold stars is bigger), and wears a Hanfu. You may also see China wearing other types of traditional Chinese clothing and also wearing a Dust mask because of the pollution. Often their stars are hidden in the eye or around their head. They are sometimes seen with a face mask because of the Covid-19 pandemic started there.

Personality
China is a bit of a mixed bag. On one hand, they’re very fussy, controlling, and arrogant, giving them a reputation of being pretty annoying; on the other, they’re usually calm, respectful, and chill, especially with their allies. Around people and countries they're not too fond of, they quickly become deadpan and poker-faced, making snide remarks and try to be intimidating to scare the other into silence. They still care for family, surprisingly. Although, sometimes they become too overbearing and will try to control all aspects of their children's lives, even making decisions for them. China may not even be aware of this, however, as they think it’s strange when they try to rebel. China will protect his siblings unconditionally, but it had to be their siblings. Although China can be a bit mean to the other countries, he does have a soft side. He will protect his closes friends at all costs and will do anything to keep his country safe. China is very hardworking, sometimes overworking to the late ours of night.

Interests

 * Pandas
 * Red dragons
 * Racket sports

Flag meaning
The flag of China was officially adopted on October 1, 1949. The red of the Chinese flag symbolizes the communist revolution, as well as the traditional color of the people. The large gold star represents communism, while the four smaller stars represent the social classes of the people.

Other Symbols

 * Animal: Chinese Dragon, Giant Panda.
 * Bird: Red-crowned Crane, Golden Pheasant.

Nicknames

 * Celestial Empire
 * Middle Kingdom/Central State

Etymology
The name 'China' comes from the Sanskrit word Cina, which derives from the name of the Chinese Qin Dynasty, which is pronounced 'Chin '. The Persians translated it as 'Cin'. It was popularized through trade along the Silk Road from China to the rest of the world.

Origin of languages
Most linguists classify all of the variations of spoken Chinese as part of the Sino-Tibetan family and believe that there was an original language, called Proto-Sino-Tibetan, similar to Proto Indo-European, from which the Sinitic and Tibeto-Burman languages descended.

Organizations and Affiliations

 * United Nations (UN)
 * Group of Twenty (G20)
 * Group of Seventy-seven (G77)
 * East Asian Summit (EAS)
 * Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO)
 * International Monetary Fund (IMF)
 * World Health Organization (WHO)
 * World Trade Organization (WTO)
 * Nonaligned Movement (NAM) (observer)
 * Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) (observer)

History
Paleolithic By the Paleolithic period, China was inhabited by the Homo erectus for over a million years. Recent studies show that stone tools were found at the Xiachangliang excavation site, dated to be at least 1.36 million years old.

An archaeological site in Xihoudu, Shanxi found that the Homo erectus managed to make fires. It was determined to be between 125,000-80,000 BCE where it was discovered in Fuyan Cave in Dao Country, within Hunan. Middle Paleolithic Levallois technology was found in the lithic assemblage of the Guanyin Dong Cave site, dating approximately 170,000-80,000 years ago.

Neolithic
The Neolithic age of China is thought to have begun in 10,000 BCE. The earliest evidence of cultivated rice was found by the Yangtze River, carbon-dating to 8,000 years ago. Early evidence for proto-Chinese millet agriculture was radiocarbon-dated to about 7000 BCE.

Several Neolithic cultures existed around this time. The Banpo settlement was dated back around 6700-5600 BCE, while the Damaidi was around 6000 BCE, and the Dadiwan culture existed from the 5800-5400 BCE. Some archaeologists and scholars suggest Jiahu symbols were the earliest Chinese writing system, invented around 6000 BCE. The Jiahu symbols share some commonality with the later oracle bone script, but most doubt that the symbols represent a systematic writing system.

Excavation of the Peiligang culture site in the Xinzheng country, Henan found a community that had flourished from 5500-4900 BCE. The excavation evidenced at agriculture, constructed buildings, pottery, and burial of the dead. Its agriculture increased population with the ability to store and redistribute crops, potentially supporting specialization of craftsmen and administrators.

In the late Neolithic period, the Yellow River had become a valley, readily establishing itself in the center of the Yangshao culture (5000 BCE to 3000 BCE). It is believed to be significant to the early Banpo culture. Yangshao culture would later be superseded by the Longshan, also centering on the Yellow River from 3000 BCE to 2000 BCE.

The Bronze Age
Bronze artifacts were found at the Majiayao archaeological site. The Lower Xiajiadian culture site in northeast China was also found to have entered the Bronze Age. Sanxingdui, in what is currently believed to be the location of a significant ancient town, is an antecedent of an unknown Bronze Age culture. The location was first discovered in 1929, before being re-discovered in 1986. Chinese archaeologists have known the Sanxingdui culture to be a part of the traditional kingdom of Shu, linking the artifacts found at the location to early legendary kings.

A bronze tomahawk with a blade of meteoric iron excavated close to the town of Gaocheng has been dated to the ordinal century before Christ. For this reason, authors adore vine Chua and Mark Elliott have used the term "Iron Age" by convention for the transformation amount of c. five hundred before Christ to one hundred BCE, roughly admire the unpeaceful States amount of Chinese historiography. associate Iron Age culture of the Tibetan upland has tentatively been related to the Zhang Zhung culture represented in early Tibetan writings.

Ancient Imperial China
Ancient China spans the years 2070 BCE (establishment of Xia dynasty) to 221 BCE (end of Warring States period). Two well-known wars were also waged during this time, known as the Spring and Autumn period and the Warring States period respectively.

As the oldest continuous civilization with origins dating back over 4,000 years, there is some contention over if the country itself is actually that old. The Xia Dynasty emerged around 2100 BCE as the first Chinese dynasty. However, it remains largely mythological with unclear archaeological findings.

The Shang dynasty is the oldest confirmed hereditary monarchy in China from 1600-1046 BCE. The beginning of the Shang dynasty marked the beginning of the inheritance of rulership, as opposed to the system of semi-democracy in the Xia dynasty where a successor was nominated by the current ruler, but the people would have the final say.

Imperial China
Imperial China, spanning the years 227 BCE and 1911 CE, was a series of absolute monarchical dynasties beginning with the reign of the Chinese emperor Qin Shi Huangdi.

The first dynasty to unite all of China was the Qin dynasty in 221 BCE by the first Chinese emperor, Qin Shi Huangdi. During this period, southern China experienced "sinicization," a process where the indigenous of a land would slowly become "Chinese" culturally via following the cultural traditions of Han Chinese, paying Chinese taxes, beliefs, enjoying Chinese food, and marrying Han. Other regions and ethnicity groups would later be "sinicized" as well. A succeeding imperial dynasty, the Han dynasty, was considered a golden age in China.

China during this period was the largest and most advanced in its region, with the ability to influence their neighbors. Notably, the Japanese government willingly sent scholars and diplomats to study the Chinese way of governance, architecture, and clothing, then adapting these ideas to fit Japanese culture. Korea to this day is shaped by their form of Confucianism, a system of thought originating in China. This led to Korea and Japan adopting Chinese characters, however later in their history both countries would create their own writing systems based off those Chinese characters.

A "tribute system" was set up by the Tang, a dynasty reigning from 618-907 CE, for neighboring countries to recognize the superiority of the Chinese emperor and submit gifts. However, the emperor's gifts back to the diplomats were often more great and luxurious, prompting many nations to partake in the practice. In addition, tributary states remained autonomous and could enjoy trading relations with China.

Modern Imperial China
In the 1400's, the Ming, the dynasty that overthrew China's Mongol Yuan dynasty, enjoyed another golden age with a powerful navy. The Ming treasure voyages, led by admiral and palace eunuch Zheng He, spanned the Indian Ocean to the horn of Africa. However, the dynasty became occupied with internal affairs and burned their massive fleet in an effort to shut off the world. The Ming dynasty was the last dynasty to be ruled by Han Chinese, defeated by Manchus to establish the last ruling Chinese dynasty, now known as the Qing dynasty.

In the 1800's, the Qing dynasty suffered from foreign intervention and wars with western powers, notably by France and Britain, as a consequence of the Qing's isolation and arrogance. China believed it was superior to other countries, evidenced by its' "tributary system." Chinese rulers expected British diplomats to kowtow and recognize the grandiosity of the Emperor. The Qing also believed it had everything it needed inside its own' borders, accepting only silver for its exports.

The British were soon being depleted of their silver due to demand of tea back home, they cultivated opium in Bengal to sell to the Chinese to eventually get them addicted, and in the process balance the trade surplus. Despite Chinese attempts to ban and regulate opium, the British found ways to smuggle opium into China. This eventually escalated into two full-scale wars, named the First and Second Opium Wars respectively. The European countries, having recently developed superior technology, defeated maritime Qing forces, to the surprise of Chinese officials. The European victors were able to impose treaties and concede territory.

This resulted in a political Chinese defeat and the concession of present-day Hong Kong to the British, and secured Macau as a territory of Portugal as it was formerly a lease. The economy was impacted only slightly by these wars, but internal conflicts such as the Taiping Rebellion and Dungan Revolts had much more significant effects.

Since China's defeats from the British and eventually the French, other European powers saw an opportunity to "carve China up" into individual spheres of influence. These concessions made under coercion were mostly made in treaty ports, port cities opened to foreign trade such as Shanghai.

Later Modern China
Thus began the "Century of Humiliation," a term coined in 1915 in the midst of rising Chinese nationalism. Japan, a country historically heavily influenced by China, considered its' large neighbor "antiquated" as it was undergoing its own modernization. The country was shaken when it was defeated in the First Sino-Japanese War (1894-5), fought over influence in Korea which was then ruled by the Joseon dynasty. The loss of Korea as a tributary state created public outcry. It was a symbol of the Qing's decreasing power while the Japanese Empire slowly rose to the world stage as a direct competitor to even the European countries.

Seeing the weakening influence of the Qing, the millennia of Chinese dynastic rule came to an end with the establishment of the Republic of China in 1912. Sun Yat-sen, who founded the newborn Republic, soon handed authority over to Yuan Shikai, the Beiyang Army's leader. However, Yuan then declared himself Emperor of China, before abdicating due to public resistance. Yuan's death shortly after in 1916 led to the beginning of the Warlord Era, where various cliques in the Beiyang Army battled for power. The Kuomintang (KMT), the dominant party of the Republic of China, also later overthrew Beiyang rule, later massacring Communists and establishing a Nationalist government. This led to the Chinese Civil War between the KMT and the fledgling Communist Party of China (CPC).

Seeking even more resources, the Japanese Empire saw the divided China and invaded it. The Second Sino-Japanese War in 1937 is also widely regarded as the beginning of World War II in the Pacific theater. The war saw Japan capture many major cities, including Beijing, Shanghai, and the then-capital of Nanjing. The Japanese military also committed atrocities such as Unit 731, a biological and chemical warfare research unit of the army which included lethal experimentation on humans, and the Rape of Nanking, when the Imperial Japanese soldiers captured the capital and committed mass murder and mass rape across its population.

The People's Republic
China left World War II wounded in 1945, but with a permanent Security Council seat at the newly-founded United Nations, along with the other allies. Although the KMT and the CPC united their efforts in order to fight a greater enemy during the Japanese invasion, they saw no more reason to do so now. The Chinese Civil War continued on, until the CPC control over most of the Chinese mainland, having found more favor among the populace. Mao Zedong consolidated his leadership and established the People's Republic of China in 1949. The KMT later retreated to Taiwan and several offshore islands, resulting in two Chinese governments in control of two separate territories. This would lead to today's conflict between whether the Republic of China, more commonly known as Taiwan, or the People's Republic of China, which actually had control over most of China.

Having been ravaged by decades of war and conflict, China sought independence and industrialization. Mao Zedong's unsuccessful policies sparked multiple episodes of unrest and chaos, such as the Great Leap Forward, an idealistic reformation policy, and the Cultural Revolution, a campaign seeking to preserve Chinese Communism and purging traditional and capitalist Chinese ideas.

Meanwhile, Richard Nixon, then - U.S. president, visited China, shocking the world as it was in the midst of the Cold War. Nonetheless, the visit marked a new era for China. In 1976, the Cultural Revolution ended with Mao Zedong's death. The People's Republic of China also replaced the Republic of China's in the United Nations, leaving Taiwan without strong international recognition while securing the former's permanent Security Council seat.

With Mao's death, Deng Xiaoping was able to instate substantial economic reforms. Capitalist in nature, the CPC called itself and these reforms "socialist with Chinese characteristics." China saw itself transition from a planned economy to a mixed economy with more free-market attributes. The world, including a hopeful United States, saw China's opening its doors as an inevitable transition into a democracy. Jiang Zemin led the nation from the 1990's, continuing Deng's economic reforms. However, with the Tiananmen Square protests in 1989 ending in state-sanctioned violence, foreign countries condemned the CPC's actions. Nonetheless, China was welcomed into the World Trade Organization in 2001.

Present
China has been led by Xi Jinping since 2012, and is the most powerful Chinese leader since Mao Zedong, having removed his own term limits. He started a mass anti-corruption campaign which has been criticized for not actually removing corrupt leaders, but instead, Xi's rivals. Xi also introduced the Belt and Road Initiative (alternatively, One Belt One Road) in 2013, an economic project spanning all continents.

The COVID-19 pandemic first broke out in Wuhan, Hubei in December 2019.

Today, China is the second-wealthiest country in the world with the second-highest GDP, just behind the United States.

Government
China's central government of the People's Republic of China is one of the highest state authorities in China. It is one of a kind since it is under the exclusive political leadership of the Communist Party of China. It consists of 3 makings, the legislative, executive, and judicial organs.

The legislative organs are the ones who supervise the executive and the judiciary. It's the National People's Congress (NPC) and is the ultimate power of the state that has the constitution and its basic laws and supervises to elect officials of other organs. While the NPC only convenes once a year, the Standing Committee (NPCSC) is the permanent legislative organ that makes most of the laws and also interprets the constitution and laws, as well as conducting constitutional reviews.

With the executive organ, it is referred to be as the State Council of the Central People's Government. It is headed by the Premier. The State Council consists of ministries and agencies that have specific portfolios. Its National superordinate Commission (NSC) had been established in 2018 when it was used to research corruption at intervals, the political party and state organs.

The judicial organs were performed as prosecutorial and court functions. China's courts are supervised by the Supreme People's Court (SPC) which is headed by the jurist. The Supreme People's Procuratorate (SPP) is a liability for its prosecutions and it's supervised procuracies at the provincial, county, and village levels.

Diplomacy
Both countries have established diplomatic relations


 * Antigua and Barbuda
 * Barbados
 * Cuba
 * United States
 * Japan
 * South Korea
 * North Korea
 * Bangladesh
 * India
 * Pakistan
 * Sri Lanka
 * Australia
 * Fiji
 * New Zealand
 * Samoa
 * Tonga
 * Vanuatu
 * Russia

Geography
China is one of the biggest countries, being either the 3rd or 4th largest country with 9.6 million square kilometers (3.7 million sq. miles). By just land area it'd be the 2nd largest country. It would be ahead of United States and Canada in terms of land area (not including disputed regions). 14 sovereign countries border China, making it the country with the longest land border of 22,117 kilometers. China is bordered by the South China Sea to the south, the Bohai and Yellow Seas to the northeast, and the East China Sea and the Pacific Ocean to the east. The eastern side of China consists of the fertile lowlands and foothills. Many of China's most prosperous cities, including Beijing, Shanghai, and Shenzhen, reside on the coast. Most of China's agricultural activity occurs there, along with over 94% of its' population residing in the east according to the Heihe—Tengchong line, an imaginary line splitting China into two roughly equal parts. South of the Yangtze, the terrain is hilly and mountainous. The west and north are dominated by sunken basins, rolling plateaus, and towering massifs. It contains the Gobi Desert, a large cold desert in the arid north and the Tibetan Plateau, the world's highest and largest plateau. Due to the significantly lower population and population density compared to the east, it has a smaller agricultural capacity. Traditionally, the population of China is centered on the Chinese central plain and has oriented itself toward its own enormous market. It had developed as an imperial power whose center lay in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River on the North Plains. China's longest river is the Yangtze river, the longest in Asia and third-longest in the world, with its largest lake being Qinghai Lake. The Yangtze has played a significant role in both culture, history, economy, and development of civilization in southern China.

Family

 * Taiwan — sibling
 * Mongolia — sibling
 * Hong Kong — child/sibling
 * Macau — child
 * Vietnam — child
 * Laos — child
 * Cambodia — child
 * Myanmar — child
 * Japan — child
 * Bhutan — sibling
 * Thailand — child

Friends

 * Pakistan — "best friend"
 * Russia — "Good friend, we’re supporting each other diplomatically against the United States"
 * North Korea — "complicated. But he needs to be understood.”
 * United Nations — "I really miss him. wish we can see each other more often"
 * Malaysia — "my loyal and old ally and friends since the Ming Dynasty, we also share our history and culture"
 * Costa Rica — "bananas"
 * Malta — "good friends"
 * Algeria - "good friend"
 * Somali DR — "ally during Sino-Soviet Split"
 * PR Albania — "ally during Sino-Soviet Split"
 * Indonesia — "You love our products so much!"
 * South Africa - "My people love your kindness! Thank you for understanding my opinions.”
 * USSR (until 1969)

Neutral

 * Philippines — "Our relations are going smoothly. Hopefully, we'll stay on good terms. My people really likes to visit you and I see you as my close ally! But the Spratlys are mine, although you might take my COVID vaccine, please....."
 * Israel — "Thank you for recognizing me. I let them stay in my country and give them aid and military supplies along with rebuilding the economies but stop bullying Palestine!"
 * Palestine — "I do recognize you but can you please stop the terrorist coming over to my country? Stop dragging me over the dispute between you and Israel."
 * South Korea — "I like you as a friend! However, you may notice that stealing culture is making you a laughing stock. I have cultural relics to prove my culture. Please show the same evidence - if you want to prove that those cultures may belong to you. Please stop making groundless accusations. I don't want to dispute with you. Facts will tell the truth."

Enemies

 * Vietnam
 * Japan — "Did you forget 1937?!"
 * European Union
 * India — "Tbh I don't even know much about you to put you in my enemy list but you are not giving my rightful lands back . You are asking for it now".
 * Japanese Empire
 * United Nations — (formerly, before 1971)
 * United States — "My worst archenemy!(A good trading partner too, but...)"
 * USSR (since 1969)

Past Versions
Celestial Empire (c. 2000 BCE – 1912 CE)
 * Xia (Speculative)
 * Shang dynasty
 * Zhou dynasty
 * Qin dynasty
 * Han dynasty
 * Jin dynasty
 * Sui dynasty
 * Tang dynasty
 * Song dynasty
 * Yuan dynasty
 * Ming dynasty
 * Qing dynasty
 * Chinese Empire (parent/grandparent or past-self)
 * Republic of China
 * Chinese Soviet Republic (as a political party or partly)

Trivia

 * The Chinese New Year celebration lasts for 15 days.
 * In China, every year is represented by one of 12 animals.
 * China has the largest population in the world, with over 1.3 billion people (1,343,239,932) as of July 2012, though at its population growth, India is scheduled to have a bigger population in 2024.
 * China is the 3rd largest country in the world.
 * The capital of China is Beijing, while the most populated city in China is Shanghai. There are other major cities though such as Chongqing, Shenzhen, and Guangzhou.
 * Many languages are spoken in China, Including Mandarin, Yue, Wu, Minbei, Minnan, Xiang, Gan, and Hakka.
 * China is the world's most second-largest economy in the world, right after the United States.
 * In 2003, China became the third-ever country to be successful on sending a person to space.
 * The Great Wall of China is the largest man-made structure in the world, which can stretch to incredible 8,850 kilometers.
 * The famous Giant Panda can be found near the Yangtze River in China.
 * China is officially known as the People's Republic of China.
 * The summit of Mt. Everest marks at the border between China and Nepal.
 * Mid - Autumn Festival is usually celebrated on August 15.
 * In October, the Ghost Festival is held every year to honor family that passed away.
 * In Chinese superstition, the number four is considered unlucky because it sounds like 死, the Chinese word for death.