Vietnam

Vietnam is the easternmost country on the Indochina Peninsula. With an estimated 96.46 million inhabitants as of 2016, it is the 15th most popular country in the world. Vietnam is bordered by China to the north,  Laos, and  Cambodia to the west, part of  Thailand to the southwest, and the  Philippines,  Malaysia, and  Indonesia across the South China Sea to the east and southeast.

Appearance
Vietnam often appears in a yellow-red hoodie, inside is wearing a white shirt and simple jeans (depends on person). Sometimes they can be seen wearing Ao Dai (Vietnam's traditional outfit). Of course, she wears her famous “Nón lá”; her hat, which is made out of palm leaves.

Personality
Vietnamese people are very kind, friendly and funny. They love peace, hate wars (especially unjust wars) and are always happy with everyone. When you're in trouble, she won't hesitate to help if she can. But if you disparage something that belongs to their country, a brick will fly right in your face. They are also gentle and hardworking, but if she knows someone is taking advantage of them, there will be unpredictable consequences. They also always stand on the right side to protect everyone and regain their rights, justice is almost lost. And she's also calm and quiet, so people don't think she hates you or something.

But beware, she has a dark side or rather a personality that symbolizes the chaos in her: Eastern Laos. So, everyone, don't make her angry too much if you're not careful, that personality comes to take revenge.

Likes

 * Eating Pho/ Vietnamese traditional food
 * Hang out with friends, especially Philippines and Laos
 * President Ho Chi Minh
 * Freedom
 * Communism
 * Trying or inventing unique things
 * RICE! (They are the 2nd largest rice exporter)

Dislikes

 * Invaders
 * Discrimination between 2 regions (North and South)
 * Being prompted
 * China (sometimes)

Flag and meaning
The National Flag of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam (also known as "Red Flag with Yellow Star" or "Fatherland Flag"), originally the national flag of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam, was born and first appeared in in 1940, then officially became the national flag in September 1945. The design of the flag is rectangular, ⅔ of the length, red background, in the middle is a large five-pointed yellow star. The meaning of the flag with the red background represents the color of the revolution, the blood of the heroes, the yellow star represents the national soul and the five-pointed star symbolizes the five classes participating in the revolution, the martyrs, the peasants. , workers, merchants and soldiers united in resistance.

Origin of languages
Old Vietnamese contains many words used from the languages ​​of China as a result of the centuries that Vietnam was part of the Chinese Empire and as a result of the commercial and cultural ties of China. During the French colonial period, they mainly used French and Vietnamese built from the missionary work of Western missionaries. Vietnamese is a type of script built on the principle of recording in Latin letters. After independence, they officially used Vietnamese as the national language.

Other Symbols

 * Animal: Water buffalo
 * Bird: Tiger shrike/ Thick-billed shrike
 * Flower: Pink lotus
 * Tree: Bamboo tree
 * Outfit: Ao Dai

Nicknames

 * The Land of Blue Dragon
 * The Land of Pink Lotus
 * Nam

History
The history of Vietnam, if counted from the time when people lived, is tens of thousands of years BC, since the formation of the state structure is about 700 BC.

Archaeologists have found relics proving that people have lived in Vietnam since the Paleolithic era of the Trang An, Nguom, Son Vi and Soi Nhu cultures. In the Neolithic period, Hoa Binh - Bac Son culture in this area developed in livestock and agriculture, especially wet rice cultivation techniques. Prehistoric Vietnamese in the Red River Delta - This Red River and Ma River civilization reclaimed land for farming, created a system of dikes to prevent river floods, dug canals for wet rice cultivation and created wet rice. village civilization and culture

Legend has it that, from 2879 BC, the Vietnamese Xich Gui state was formed, at the same time as the legend of the Three Emperors and Five Emperors in China. However, this is just a folk legend, archaeological studies have not found any evidence that this state ever existed.

By the Iron Age, around the 8th century BC, the first Vietnamese state appeared in present-day North Vietnam. According to history books, it was the Van Lang State of the Hung Kings. The Hung Kings period was widely recognized as the first organized state of the Vietnamese people, starting from the legend of the Dragon and Fairy descendants that the Vietnamese proudly handed down orally from generation to generation.

Stone Age
The area that is now Vietnam has been inhabited since the Paleolithic period. Archaeologists have found traces of cave inhabitants in Tham Hoi, Kham Khuyen (Lang Son), Do mountain (Thanh Hoa), Thung Lang (Ninh Binh) and Nga Son, Thanh Hoa hundreds of years ago. . thousand years. During this period the sea level was lower, and Vietnam was then connected to Peninsular Malaysia, the Indonesian islands of Java, Sumatra and Kalimantan, which had a cooler and wetter climate than it is today. The ancient Vietnamese exploited primitive stone (ba-dan) in the mountainside, roughly cut it on one side, creating tools with sharp tips, vertical and horizontal edges, scraping, etc. broken rock. (piece stripped). The relics in Do mountain are considered to be the oldest evidence of the presence of humans on Vietnamese soil, when the human social organization had not yet formed.

During what researchers call the Son Vi Culture, the primitive populations here lived by gathering and hunting in a humid tropical ecosystem with a world of flora and fauna. rich and diverse 11-23 thousand years ago, late Pleistocene.

15,000 - 18,000 years ago, this was a period of low sea level. The Tonkin Delta then extended as far as Hainan Island and other areas. Geologically (from the center of the ice age is North America). Sea water existed during this period until receding about 5,500 years ago. Corresponding to this period together with archaeological sites show that sea water has flooded the entire area of ​​the Red River Delta today until Vinh Phuc for nearly 3,000 years.

Due to geological features, the Red River Delta and the Gulf of Tonkin did not have the conditions to excavate the ancient ground dating back to about 8000 BC (before the great flood) to confirm the traces of the rocks. other civilizations if any. The Vietnamese history page has an unknown gap from about 5,500 years ago - 18,000 years ago.

After the Son Vi culture period was Hoa Binh culture, Bac Son belonged to the Neolithic period. Hoa Binh culture is recognized as the cradle of wet rice civilization, which originated in Southeast Asia, about 15,000 years ago. Due to the geological characteristics of the floods, it is possible that part of the brilliant development of Hoa Binh culture may never have been recognized and found. Archaeologists have linked the beginnings of Vietnamese civilization to the late Neolithic and early Bronze Age (circa 5700 BC). [2]

Bronze Age Main article: Phung Nguyen culture Phung Nguyen culture is a prehistoric culture of the Bronze Age, late Neolithic, about 4,000 to 3,500 years ago today. [citation needed] Phung Nguyen is the name of a village in Kinh Ke commune. , Lam Thao district, Phu Tho province, the first place to find the relics of this culture.

Bronze Age Main articles: Dong Dau Culture and Go Mun Culture Dong Dau culture is a Bronze Age culture in Vietnam about 3,000 years ago, after the Phung Nguyen culture, before the Go Mun culture. The name of this culture is named after the Dong Dau relic site in Yen Lac town, Yen Lac district, Vinh Phuc province.

Iron Age Main articles: Dong Son Culture, Sa Huynh Culture, and Oc Eo Culture By about 1200 BC, the development of wet rice farming and bronze casting in the Ma River and Red River Delta regions led to the development of the Dong Son culture, in which the bronze drum was prominent. The weapons, tools, and bronze drums excavated by the Dong Son culture attest to the origin of bronze casting, and many small ancient copper mines have been unearthed in Northern Vietnam. Here, archaeologists have found boat-shaped coffins and crockery jars, houses on stilts, evidence of the custom of eating betel nut and dyeing teeth black.

Ancient period (2879–111 BC)
Hong Bang (?–258 BC) Legend of the Xich Gui

According to some ancient history books[3], ancient Vietnamese (Bach Viet) ethnic groups lived in the Linh Nam region, including a large area south of the Yangtze River in modern China to the Red River Delta, Code in northern Vietnam. Legend has it that the Xich Gui state of the Vietnamese ethnic groups was formed in 2879 BC in the Ho Dong Dinh area (Hunan, China today).

Currently, there is no archaeological evidence to confirm the existence of the country of Red Devils, it is only a myth like the period of the Three Emperors Five Emperors of China. If there really existed an alliance of ancient Vietnamese tribes (Xich Gui) during this period, then it can be said that this was just a kind of loose tribal alliance between different Vietnamese ethnic groups such as Dien Viet in Vietnam. Yunnan, Da Lang in Guizhou, Man Yue in Fujian, Dong Viet in Zhejiang, Son Yue in Jiangxi, Nam Viet in Guangdong, Au Viet (Western Europe) in Guangxi, Lac Viet in northern Vietnam [4]... These Vietnamese ethnic groups have many different points in terms of languages, customs and places of residence. The relationship between these ethnic groups is mainly trade exchange, not a unified state.

By the Spring and Autumn–Warring States period (8th century BC to 3rd century BC), due to pressures from the Chu and Qin kingdoms in Northern China and the wave of Huaxia people fleeing the war from the North. so gradually the ancient Vietnamese ethnic groups lost their territory, some Vietnamese tribes were assimilated into the Hoa Ha people. At its peak, during the reign of Qin Shi Huang, China's territory stretched down to the southern coast of Guangdong.

The upheavals during this period also led to the dissolution of the alliance of the Vietnamese ethnic groups; From the eighth century BC onwards, Vietnamese tribes residing in different areas in the south of the Yangtze River formed different states in each region and period such as: Nuoc Viet, Van Lang, Viet Thuong, Nam Viet, Au Lac, Quy Viet, Man Viet, Dong Viet,... These tribes were gradually defeated and annexed by the Chinese dynasties in the North of the Yangtze River, or by themselves. civil war with each other leads to weakening. By the time of the Han Empire around the 1st century BC, all Vietnamese states were annexed[6].

Kingdom of Van Lang (7th–258 BC or 218 BC) Main article: Van Lang

The territory of Van Lang in 500 BC By the 8th century BC, independent states of the Vietnamese ethnic groups were gradually formed throughout the region south of the Yangtze River[6].

Modern research documents[7] as well as archaeological evidences}[8] mostly agree according to Viet's historical records about a kingdom of Van Lang of the Lac Viet people dating back to its founding in 7th century BC and Zhou Zhuang Dynasty (696 BC – 682 BC) in China. This kingdom existed in what is now the Northern Midlands and Plains as well as the three provinces of Thanh Hoa-Nghe An-Ha Tinh. This state may have traded with other Vietnamese tribes, possibly even with Viet Vuong Cau Tien's country in the lower Yangtze River region (China) today.

The Van Lang state apparatus was initially modeled after the monarchy. In the central government, headed by King Hung, there were Lac marquis and Lac generals to help. Locally divided into 15 ministries (the 15 tribes of the Northern Delta before the state was born) governed by Lac general. Below the ministry are villages ruled by Bo Chinh.

Shu Dynasty (257–208 or 179 BC) Main article: Au Lac In the third century BC, Thuc Phan, the leader of the Au Viet tribe - one of the Bach Viet tribes in the North of Van Lang, defeated the 18th Hung Vuong to establish the Au Lac state. The alliance state of Au Viet - Lac Viet defeated the invasion of the Qin Dynasty. The state established its capital at Co Loa, in present-day Dong Anh district, Hanoi. He called himself An Duong Vuong.

Au Lac state of An Duong Vuong was annexed by Trieu Da (an old general of the Qin Dynasty) in 208 BC (or 179 BC).

'''===Northern colonial period (179 BC–938 AD)=== First Northern Domination (179 BC–40 AD) Zhao Dynasty ruled (179 – 111 BC)'''

Northern domination is an issue, but there are two different views from the past to the present of Vietnamese history, most of the historical viewpoints of feudalism believe that the Trieu Dynasty is a dynasty in Vietnamese history. The Northern domination period began in 111 BC when the Han Dynasty invaded and occupied Nam Viet. The second point of view appeared from the 18th century when historian Ngo Thi Si denied that the Trieu Dynasty was the legitimate dynasty of Vietnam because Trieu Da was originally a Chinese in the North, was a general under Qin Shi Huang's orders to defeat him. the South. This view was followed by historian Dao Duy Anh in the twentieth century, history books in education in Vietnam today all follow this view. According to this second point of view, the Northern domination period in Vietnamese history began in 179 BC when the Trieu Dynasty invaded the Au Lac state of An Duong Vuong.

Vietnam's Resistance At the end of the Qin Dynasty, Trieu Da (from the Zhao state during the Warring States period, now the Hebei province of China) was appointed by the Qin dynasty as the district commander of Long Xuyen district, then was arbitrarily appointed by Nham Ngao as the district lieutenant of Nam Hai district. in present-day Guangdong province).

When the Qin Dynasty was in turmoil after the death of Qin Shi Huang (210 BC), Trieu Da separated from Nam Hai district, then brought his army to annex Au Lac kingdom and neighboring Guilin district and established a separate country, the national name of Nam Viet, with its capital at Panyu (now Guangzhou, Guangdong province) in 207 BC.

Nam Viet during the Trieu Dynasty included the area of ​​​​two provinces of Guangdong, Guangxi of China and northern Vietnam today. Nam Viet is divided into 4 districts: Nam Hai, Guilin, Giao Chi and Cuu Chan. The northern border is the Ngu Linh mountain range system, the southern border is the Hoanh Son mountain range.

After the Han Dynasty was established and unified all of China, Trieu Da proclaimed himself Emperor of Nam Viet to show his equality with the Western Han Dynasty. For a period of 68 years (179 BC – 111 BC), what is now North Vietnam was part of Nam Viet, which had a Chinese king who did not recognize Han rule.

In 111 BC, Emperor Wu's army invaded Nam Việt and incorporated Nam Việt into the Han empire. The Chinese wanted to rule the Red River Delta to have a stop for ships trading with Southeast Asia[9]. During the first century AD, Lac Viet generals were still in office, but China began a policy of assimilation of territories by raising taxes and reforming marriage laws to turn Vietnam into a patriarchal society that was more accessible. gain more political power.  Hai Ba Trung (40–43) An uprising led by Hai Ba Trung broke out in Giao Chi district, followed by the districts of Cuu Chan, Nhat Nam, Hop Pho and other localities of the Linh Nam region (which, according to ancient Vietnamese records, 65 strongholds) responded in 40. After that, the Han Dynasty sent general Ma Vien to suppress this uprising. After 3 years of independence, the uprising was suppressed by General Ma Yuan. Due to her isolation and incomplete organization of the army, Hai Ba Trung was not strong enough to resist the army led by Ma Vien. Hai Ba Trung committed suicide on the Hat River to keep the weather intact.  Second Northern Domination (43–544) Following the Han Dynasty, other successive Chinese feudal dynasties such as Dong Ngo, Tan, Luu Tong, Southern Qi, and Luong took turns to colonize Vietnam, the Vietnamese also rebelled many times against them. foreign rule, but all were unsuccessful in achieving independence.

Typical uprisings are the uprising of the brothers Trieu Quoc Dat and Trieu Thi Trinh during the Dong Ngo period. The uprising of brothers Ly Truong Nhan and Ly Thuc Hien from the northern period under Liu Tong and Southern Qi from 468 to 485.  Early Ly Dynasty (544–602) In 541, Ly Bi revolted, defeated the ruler Tieu Tu of the Luong dynasty. After defeating the Luong army 3 times in the following years, Ly Bi proclaimed himself emperor, ie Ly Nam De, and founded the country of Van Xuan in 544. In 545, the Luong Dynasty sent Tran Ba ​​Tien and Duong Phieu to fight Van Xuan, Ly Nam De lost the battle, handing over military power to Trieu Quang Phuc. After Ly Nam De's death, Trieu Quang Phuc defeated the Liang army in 550, protecting the country of Van Xuan. He claimed to be Trieu Viet Vuong, in 571, a nephew of Ly Nam De, Ly Phat Tu, usurped the throne of Trieu Viet Vuong, continuing to maintain independence for the Vietnamese for another 20 years until the Sui Dynasty came. hit 602.  3rd Northern Domination (602–923 or 930) Following the Sui and Tang dynasties, they dominated Vietnam for nearly 300 years. During the Tang Dynasty, China reached its peak, expanding in four directions. In the north, An Bac was established as the colonial government, in the east, Goryeo was established as the colonial government of An Dong, and in the west, Anxi was established as the colonial government. In the south, An Nam was established as the colonial government, that is, the territory of the former Van Xuan country.

During the Tang Dynasty, there were uprisings against the Northern domination of the Vietnamese people such as the Ly Tu Tien and Dinh Kien uprisings, the Mai Hac De uprisings, the Phung Hung uprisings and the Duong Thanh uprisings from the end of the 7th century. to the ninth century.

After the An Su rebellion (756–763), the Tang dynasty weakened and lost real control over many localities due to the uncontrollable and uncontrollable southern settlements. Annam's domination of the government was dominated by neighboring countries Nam Chieu, Champa, and Sailendra, who looted and killed many natives. Nam Chieu alone killed and captured 150,000 people, and the Tang army was defeated many times. In 866, the Tang Dynasty regained control and changed it to Tinh Hai Navy.

At the end of the 9th century, the Tang Dynasty was severely weakened after the rebellion of Huang Chao and the militaristic wars in China. In Vietnam, in 905, a local Vietnamese patriarch Khuc Thua Du captured the capital Dai La, beginning the period of Vietnamese autonomy.

Influence on Vietnamese culture These dynasties tried to assimilate the Vietnamese people to the Han ethnic group. However, despite being heavily influenced by China's political, social and cultural institutions, the Vietnamese people still retain many of their inherent national cultural background after a thousand years. dominate.

The Vietnamese were also influenced by Mahayana Buddhism, which was growing in East Asia, although at that time Southeast Asia was already influenced by Hinduism and Theravada Buddhism. Mahayana Buddhism is mixed with Confucianism, Taoism and in addition local folk beliefs. ''' The Age of Autonomy (905–938) Khuc family (905–923 or 930)''' In 905, Khuc Thua Du built an autonomous government of the Vietnamese people when the Tang dynasty weakened, laying the foundation for the independence of Vietnam.

Monarchy period (939–1945)
Independence period (939–1407)

Model of terracotta tower in Ly dynasty In 939, Ngo Quyen proclaimed himself king after the historic battle on the Bach Dang river against the Southern Han army.

In 968, Dinh Bo Linh proclaimed himself emperor, founded the Dinh dynasty (968–980) and named the country Dai Co Viet.

In 980, Le Hoan ascended the throne and established the Former Le Dynasty (980–1009).

In 1009, Ly Cong Uan ascended the throne, establishing the Ly dynasty (1009-1225). In 1054, King Ly Thanh Tong changed his name to Dai Viet.

Vietnam in this period experienced many feudal regimes: the Ngo Dynasty (939–965), the Dinh Dynasty (968–980), the Former Le Dynasty (980–1009), the Ly Dynasty (1009–1225), and the Tran Dynasty (1226). -1400) and the Ho Dynasty (1400-1407).

During this period, the Northern dynasties in China and Mongolia brought their troops to invade, but were repelled by Vietnam: Le Hoan and Ly Thuong Kiet repelled the Song army twice (981 and 1076). The Tran Dynasty defeated the Mongols in 1258 and the Nguyen Dynasty in 1285 and 1288. At the beginning of the 15th century, the Ming Dynasty conquered Dai Viet and ruled for 20 years, but was also driven out by Le Loi. 1428 and established the Later Le Dynasty. In 1789, the Qing Dynasty invaded and was also defeated by Nguyen Hue. However, from the late eighteenth century onwards, Vietnamese feudalism began to weaken.

From the 10th to the 14th centuries, Dai Viet dynasties built their state on the basis of Buddhism along with Confucian influences from China. By the end of the 14th century, the influence of Buddhism gradually narrowed and the influence of Confucianism increased, the Confucian state developed according to the Chinese model. By the 15th century, Dai Viet had a political structure. rights similar to neighboring China, the legal, administrative, literary and artistic structures are all in the Chinese style.

Along with adopting China's political model and social organization, Vietnamese dynasties from the 10th century onwards gradually expanded their influence beyond the Red River Delta. From the Ly dynasty, through marriage, military and ordination as leaders of the mountain tribes, the Ly, Tran, and Le dynasties in turn merged and brought other ethnic groups in the Northwest and Northeast regions. into the country of Dai Viet. Along with the Vietnamese, the mountain tribes joined forces with the Vietnamese in the fight against foreign invaders and national construction.

Vietnam in the feudal period still relied on agriculture, mainly growing wet rice to provide food, each dynasties in turn built dikes to prevent floods, dug canals for water as well as transportation. reclaiming the coastal plain lands to increase the cultivated area. Trade and foreign trade activities have also been formed. In addition to the two neighboring countries of China and Champa, during the Ly and Tran dynasties, there were additional trade with the kingdoms in Southeast Asia at the trading port of Van Don (Quang Ninh), the Later Le had more trade. with Europe and Japan in centers such as Thang Long and Hoi An.

Truc Lam Dai Dai made a mountain map (竹林大士出山图) North domination for the 4th time (1407–1427) In 1407, the Ming army invaded Dai Ngu under the pretext of expelling the Ho Dynasty to restore the Tran Dynasty (Phu Tran destroyed Ho). The Ming army quickly defeated Dai Ngu's army, this period is called the 4th Northern Domination.

Later Tran forces rebelled from 1407–1413 against the Ming army but were also defeated.

A leader of Giao Chi, Le Loi, rebelled against the domination of the Ming Dynasty. Lam Son uprising won in 1427, Le Loi ascended the throne, established the Later Le Dynasty.

The Middle Ages (1428–1527)

Dai Viet historical records - the oldest Vietnamese historical books still intact to this day In 1427, Le Loi, after defeating the Ming army, established the Later Le Dynasty, this period is also known as the Early Le Dynasty.

The Age of Separation (1527–1802)

Gianh River, the border between Tonkin and Dang Trong for nearly 200 years. Originating from the Southern - Northern dynasties, in 1527, after taking the throne from the Later Le Dynasty, Mac Dang Dung founded the Mac Dynasty. The Later Le Dynasty (historically known as the Le Trung Hung) was re-established a few years later with the help of Nguyen Kim, an old general, and gained control of the area from Thanh Hoa to Binh Dinh. After Nguyen Kim's death, his son-in-law Trinh Kiem took power, 60 years later, Trinh Kiem and his descendants won a victory over the Mac Dynasty in 1592 and ushered in a special period in Vietnam's history. Vietnamese feudal history, the period of King Le and Trinh

Vietnam in this period experienced many feudal regimes: the Mac Dynasty (1527–1592), the Le Trung Hung Dynasty (1533–1789), the Trinh Lord (1545–1787), the Nguyen Lord (1558–1777) and the Tay Son Dynasty. (1778–1802).

Hoi An River Wharf at the end of the 18th century Trinh - Nguyen quarreled The conflict between the two courtiers of the Trung Hung Le Dynasty, Trinh Kiem and Nguyen Hoang (the governor of Thuan Hoa and Quang Nam) started the division of the country into two territories. While Trinh Kiem was looking for an excuse to kill Nguyen Uong (the eldest son of Nguyen Kim), Nguyen Hoang fled to Thuan Hoa to establish a sand base, two separate governments, Dang Ngoai and Dang Trong, with Gianh River (Quang Binh) as the border. The descendants of Trinh Kiem who successively took power in Tonkin were called the Trinh lords, the descendants of The successive Nguyen Hoangs who ruled in Dang Trong were called the Nguyen lords, the Le kings only had the title of emperor of Dai Viet in name.

The period when Dai Viet was divided into two separate territories, Dang Ngoai and Dang Trong, was also a period of active foreign trade, both Tonkin and Cochinchina participated in the global trading system by European traders. Japan and China came to Dai Viet to trade. The Dutch, British, and French established trading posts in Ke Cho (Hanoi), the Portuguese, British, and Japanese set up trading stations in Faifo (Hoi An). The main products exported from Dai Viet are silk, pepper, and ceramics. However, by the 18th century, commercial activities decreased in both Cochinchina and Tonkin.

Along with trade with Western countries and Japan, Catholicism also began to be transmitted to Dai Viet through Western missionaries who followed merchant ships to preach in both Tonkin and Cochinchina. The solid foundation of Catholicism in Vietnam was built by Jesuit missionaries in the 17th century.

Expanding the territory to the South Main article: Southern advance

The Southern Advancement Periods of the Vietnamese The mark of the expansion of the country during this feudal period was the expansion to the South, the Southern advance to find agricultural land to provide food for the population growth of Dai Viet. With a better organized army, from the 11th to the 15th century, after wars as well as political marriage between Dai Viet and Champa, Dai Viet's territory was further extended from the Hoanh Son mountain range. (Northern Quang Binh) to Cu Mong Pass (North Phu Yen).

From the 17th century, Dang Trong was a territory and government separate from Dang Ngoai, ruled by the Nguyen lords. The Nguyen lords were nominally mandarins of the Later Le Dynasty, receiving orders from King Le to govern the South, but in fact they ruled Cochinchina relatively independently, rarely receiving orders from the Later Le Dynasty. In order to continue to search for more land for population growth, as well as strengthen the power of the Nguyen lords, in turn, they waged wars with Champa and completely annexed the remaining territory of the people. Cham (from Phu Yen to Binh Thuan) in 1693.

Then, after the migration of Vietnamese people from Dang Trong to live in the land of the Khmer, the Nguyen lords in turn established partial sovereignty over the Southern region, after the wars with the Khmer kingdom, Kingdom of Ayutthaya as well as other political factors, from 1698 to 1757, the Cochinchina government gained complete control of present-day Nam Bo.

Along with the territorial expansion on the mainland, the Cochinchina government in turn sent people to exploit and control the large islands and archipelagos in the East Sea and the Gulf of Thailand. The Hoang Sa archipelago has been exploited and controlled since the early 17th century, Con Dao since 1704, Phu Quoc since 1708 and the Truong Sa archipelago since 1816.

The cultural difference between the two regions probably stems from this Southern advance. Confucian culture in the Southern government did not develop much, because they were partly influenced by Champa culture, Khmer culture. Today, people in the North are thrifty, protect groups, and behave well; Southerners are comfortable in life, in thinking and straightforward[15]. The administrative organization is also different. The meticulous organization of government in the North was simplified in the South.

Unification period (1802-1858) See also: Tay Son–Nguyen Lord War (1789-1802)

Dai Nam unified the whole map in 1834 From the mid-18th century, the constant wars between Cochinchina and the Khmer kingdom, Ayutthaya as well as the disputes in Tonkin made people's life more miserable. Many peasant uprisings broke out, but most of them failed. Until the rebellion of Tay Son, which broke out in 1771 in Quy Nhon (Binh Dinh), had developed greatly, defeated the two rulers of the Nguyen and Trinh families, ended the division of the country in two, as well as abolished. The Later Le dynasty was only in name.

The Tay Son Dynasty defeated 50,000 Siamese troops (1784) in the South and 29,000 Manchu troops (1789) invading in the North. Tay Son King Nguyen Hue officially became the king of Dai Viet, taking the era name Quang Trung, unifying most of the territory from the North to Gia Dinh. However, after his death in 1792, the internal turmoil caused the Tay Son government to become weaker and weaker.

A man of the Nguyen lord lineage in the South, Nguyen Phuc Anh, with the support and advice of some French, defeated the Tay Son Dynasty in 1802. He became king, taking the name Gia Long. and became the first king of the Nguyen Dynasty, whose territory consisted of two fertile plains connected by a coastal strip. In 1804, he changed the country's name from Dai Viet to Vietnam.

Gia Long (1802-1820) built the capital in Hue, he built the Hue capital similar to the Forbidden City in Beijing (China). Gia Long and his son Minh Mang (ruled 1820–1841) attempted to build Vietnam according to the Chinese concept and administrative methods of the Qing Dynasty. Since the 30s, Vietnamese intellectuals (typically represented by Nguyen Truong To) have noticed the backwardness and stagnation of the country, and they suggested that the court should learn from the West to develop industry and commerce. trade, but these mandarins were a minority. In response, King Minh Mang and his successors Thieu Tri (1841–1847) and Tu Duc (1847–1883) chose the outdated policy of attaching importance to agricultural development (perhaps farming in the village), continuing to ban trade. sell to foreign countries.

In addition, kings Minh Mang, Thieu Tri, and Tu Duc forbade the spread of Catholicism, which they considered "leftist religion". Following the Jesuit missionaries under Portuguese patronage were French and Spanish missionaries from the second half of the 17th century. A number of prominent French missionaries also provided human and material support to the mission. The Nguyen Dynasty in the war with the Tay Son Dynasty led to the victory of King Gia Long. By the mid-19th century, there were about 450,000 Catholics.[16] The Nguyen government under these dynasties was concerned about the growth of a distinct and organized religion, so they banned the transmission of Catholicism, at the same time suppressed Catholics and razed many religious villages. .

'''===French Indochina=== French colonial period (1858-1945)'''

Vietnam was divided into three periods belonging to the Federation of Indochina On August 31, 1858, the French Navy landed at Da Nang port and then withdrew to invade Saigon. In June 1862, King Tu Duc signed a treaty to cede three eastern provinces to France. In 1867, France occupied the next three western provinces to form a colonial territory of Cochinchina (Cochinchine). After consolidating a strong position in Cochinchina, from 1873 to 1886, the French invaded the rest of Vietnam through complicated wars in Tonkin. The North at that time was very chaotic due to the discord between the Vietnamese and the Chinese in exile. The Vietnamese government could not control this discord. Both China and France considered the area under their influence and sent troops there, but in the end the French won.

The French declared that they would "protect" Tonkin (Tonkin) and Trung Ky (Annam), where they continued to maintain the Nguyen kings until Bao Dai (king from 1926 to 1945) and the mandarin apparatus. Although the Nguyen Dynasty continued to exist in Central and Tonkin, but only had limited power, all major issues had to be approved by the French Governor General of Indochina. In 1885, Vietnamese mandarins organized the Can Vuong resistance movement against the French but failed. The Nguyen kings Ham Nghi, Duy Tan, and Thanh Thai who wanted to protest were dethroned by the French and exiled.

In 1887, completing the process of invading Vietnam, the French organized a fairly complete ruling apparatus from the central to the local. At the central level is the Governor-General of Indochina (originally the capital was in Saigon, in 1902 was located in Hanoi). The head of the Governor-General is called the Governor-General of Indochina, who has the highest authority in the French political system throughout Tonkin, Central America, Cochinchina and Cambodia. The top three in the three periods were: Governor of Cochinchina, Nuncio to Trung Ky and Governor of Tonkin, all three were under the supreme supervision and control of the Governor-General of Dong France, under the Ministry of Colonies. By 1893, the Governor General of Eastern France's control was expanded, including Ai Lao.

After the failure of the Can Vuong movement at the end of the 19th century, the French completely consolidated the organization of rule in Vietnam. The reform in education in the 1910s completely abolished Confucianism with thousands of years of Chinese characters in Vietnamese feudalism to replace it with the neo-school movement following the national language script, which created an intelligentsia. new knowledge, that is, people who come from the Confucian tradition but have access to Western culture. Representative representatives of this gender are Phan Chau Trinh and Phan Boi Chau who opened the Duy Tan Movement and the Dong Du Movement to mobilize people's knowledge, democracy, human rights and social reform for the Vietnamese people before the new era. French ruling class. However, the development of these movements was later suppressed by the colonial authorities because they saw a danger to their colonial regime.

In the late 1920s, radical Vietnamese under the influence of Tam Danism founded the Vietnam Nationalist Party. However, by 1930, after the defeat of the Yen Bai Uprising, the Vietnam Nationalist Party was severely weakened. That same year, a number of young Marxist-Leninist Vietnamese founded the Indochinese Communist Party, which soon became the target of French extermination, although their organization was friendly with the Popular Front during the war. French government.  Japanese colonial period (1940-1945) Japan invaded Indochina in 1940 and quickly reached an agreement with the Vichy government in France to give Japan full control over Indochina. The French colonial government only lasted until March 1945 when the Japanese attacked all of Indochina. Soon after, Japan established a pro-Japanese government with King Bao Dai and Prime Minister Tran Trong Kim, setting the new imperial title of Vietnam and the national flag as the hexagram flag.

Viet Minh (short for Vietnam Independent Allied Forces) was founded in 1941 as a front of the Communist Party of Indochina and was run from Pac Bo (on the Vietnam-China border) by Ho Chi Minh when he returned home for the first time since 1911 (the year he left Vietnam), despite his contacts with Communists in the country during the 1920s and 1930s.

On March 11, 1945, when the Japanese army made a coup to overthrow the French Protectorate government, supported and controlled by Japan, Emperor Bao Dai issued a decree with the following text:

"According to the world situation in general and the current situation in Asia, the Vietnamese government solemnly announces that: From today, the Protection Treaty signed with France is annulled and nullified. fully restore the sovereignty of an independent state." Tran Trong Kim was appointed prime minister of a new government with the name Imperial Vietnam, but most of this government's power was held by the Japanese fascist forces. In fact, the Empire of Vietnam was a puppet government set up by the Empire of Japan. By August 14, 1945 when Japan surrendered to the Allies (including the Viet Minh in Vietnam), Tran Trong Kim's government was on the verge of death fall. At this time, the Viet Minh controlled the entire rural area, the Tran Trong Kim government and the Japanese army were only trying to hold out in a few big cities. During his rule, the government of Tran Trong Kim was unable to hold a general election, so it did not become an official government, but only a provisional government, not yet the legal representative of the Vietnamese people.

In early 1945, Vietnam fell into a state of turmoil. The war exhausted the economy, the Japanese took over rice and other products, forced the people to destroy the rice to plant jute to serve the war, plus natural disasters and famine (the At Dau Famine) occurred. in Tonkin and Central America. It is estimated that about two million people died from this famine.

Vietnam War [of War against America (1955-1975)]
During the period 1956-1958, the Democratic Republic of Vietnam proposed to the Vietnamese nation to conduct elections to reunify the country, but was refused. In 1955, with the help of the United States, Ngo Dinh Diem rigged to win the South Vietnamese referendum, which allowed him to depose Bao Dai, become the Head of State of Vietnam, and later became the President of the government of the Republic of Vietnam. Bao Dai was exiled to France. The United States began to aid Ngo Dinh Diem to build land reform[27], as well as strengthen the military to maintain the pro-American government. However, the Ngo Dinh Diem government organized a political and religious repression that left hundreds of thousands of people dead. In 1959, the number of American troops in South Vietnam was only a few thousand, in the form of "advisors" to the Ngo Dinh Diem government. However, political turmoil in the late 1950s created great instability in Southern society. The Government of the Republic of Vietnam began to implement the policies of "To add, destroy the community", many massacres occurred such as Vinh Trinh, Huong Dien (Quang Tri), at Phu Loi prison (slaughter of thousands of prisoners). suspected of being communist or communist by putting poison in food and water). Buddhist protests, which make up the majority of the population, were also suppressed, causing deep religious conflicts.

Since 1959, the National Front for the Liberation of South Vietnam was established and supported by the Democratic Republic of Vietnam government to call on the Ngo Dinh Diem government to hold the General Election to unify the country. In the early 1960s, the armed force of this Front, the Liberation Army of the South, was established and organized to protect the old political establishments of the Viet Minh as well as protect the people against the oppression of the Diem government. . The Front controlled a large area in the southern countryside, and launched many attacks on enemy bases. Before that, the United States had provided financial support, weapons and advisors to Ngo Dinh Diem's ​​government since 1954 to prevent the growth of the Viet Minh in the South (because political gatherings were allowed on the spot, so the Vietnamese political establishments do not have to go to the North with the Vietnam People's Army).

Americans protested against the US government's war in Vietnam with the satire: "American Empire and Saigon Puppet" The US increased aid to the Republic of Vietnam and sent 17,500 military personnel to Vietnam under the name of "advisors". However, the conflicts between Ngo Dinh Diem's ​​government and Vietnamese Buddhism, the failure of the South Vietnamese Liberation Army and the disobedient attitude of Ngo Dinh Diem, the United States decided to remove Ngo Dinh Diem by how to support the Army of the Republic of Vietnam to conduct a coup. General of the Army of the Republic of Vietnam couped and assassinated Ngo Dinh Diem on November 1, 1963, ending the First Republic and establishing the Second Republic. After this event, the United States announced that it would continue to provide military and economic support to the Republic of Vietnam. However, the political situation in the South after the coup was extremely chaotic, and the government of the Republic of Vietnam was on the verge of collapse.

On the battlefield, the Army of the Republic of Vietnam repeatedly failed in a special war strategy. To save the situation, after erecting the Gulf of Tonkin Incident in April 1964, US President Johnson had an excuse to issue the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, which sent US troops to Vietnam to directly participate in the war. Starting in March 1965, troops were transferred to the Vietnam battlefield one by one with about 20,000 pre-existing "advisors", the number of American troops amounted to about 540,000 people by the time of 1968. War. fierce outbreaks in 1964 in South Vietnam, the border areas with Cambodia and Laos, and American air raids against North Vietnam. On one side is the Army of the Republic of Vietnam, the United States and its allies including South Korea, Thailand, Australia, New Zealand, and the Philippines directly participated in the war. On one side, the Democratic Republic of Vietnam and the National Front for the Liberation of South Vietnam participated in the war, while the Soviet Union and China only provided military aid and training.

After a period of successive coups, in 1967, Nguyen Van Thieu became the President of the Second Republic of the Republic of Vietnam. In the North, Le Duan was the leader of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam after President Ho Chi Minh died in 1969.

In early 1968, the Liberation Army of South Vietnam and local people launched a general offensive during the Tet Offensive on most of the main cities in South Vietnam. The proposed purpose: to make the US Government and people lose confidence in the US military's ability to win in Vietnam as well as force the US Government to negotiate with the Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam. Male. In November 1968, Johnson announced a complete halt to "all air strikes, artillery and naval warfare against North Vietnam" and agreed to sit down for negotiations.However, 1 year later, the successor President Richard Nixon announced the return of the US, Nixon and adviser Henry Kissinger came up with the strategy of "Vietnamization of the war". In June 1969, the National Front for the Liberation of South Vietnam announced the establishment of the Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam. Along with fighting on the battlefield, both sides sought to end the war through talks in Paris. The content of the negotiations was conducted through closed sessions between the United States and the Democratic Republic of Vietnam, which were the two parties that actually controlled the war (the remaining two delegations were the Republic of Vietnam and the Republic of South Vietnam). only join for the sake of being nominal). It was not until January 1973, that the Paris Peace Agreement was signed between the four parties, after the heavy defeat of the US in air raids on Hanoi, Hai Phong and other cities in North Vietnam due to the air force of Vietnam. United States conducted in late 1972.

In January 1974, China attacked the Hoang Sa archipelago which was then controlled by the Republic of Vietnam government and completely occupied the archipelago.

After the 1973 Paris Agreement, the American expeditionary force withdrew from Vietnam - in accordance with the first provision of the agreement which was to recognize the "independence, sovereignty, unity and territorial integrity" of Vietnam. Other terms were armistice and holding each side's territory before the armistice, general elections to determine future government in the South. The agreement states that the United States must completely withdraw its troops within 60 days. Although there was an agreement, the Vietnam War continued because the Army of the Republic of Vietnam violated the agreement. Typically, as soon as the Agreement took effect, the ARVN attacked Cua Viet port of the South Vietnamese Liberation Army. With the withdrawal of US troops along with their internal weaknesses, the Army of the Republic of Vietnam could not last long. By mid-March 1975, the Liberation Army of South Vietnam launched an offensive in the Central Highlands, starting successive campaigns. The Republic of Vietnam Army failed continuously, losing the Central Highlands, then Hue, and Da Nang after less than a month.

On April 30, 1975, the South Vietnamese Liberation Army gained control of Saigon, the government of President Duong Van Minh of the Republic of Vietnam announced its surrender to the Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam.

The early period after reunification (1976-1986)
On April 25, 1976, the Democratic Republic of Vietnam and the Republic of South Vietnam held General Elections to unify the state into a country officially named the Socialist Republic of Vietnam. In 1977, Vietnam became a member of the United Nations.

However, due to both subjective and objective reasons, such as: the policy of unifying all aspects according to the standards of the North (for example, the plan to socialize the entire Southern economy in order to merge with the Northern economy). ; the Khmer Rouge army's continuous attacks on the South, natural disasters and floods in 1977 and 1978, Chinese attacks on the northern border provinces, war remnants such as Agent Orange, unexploded ordnance. explosion... made the national economy fall into crisis. Threats of war, poor living standards caused a wave of people to cross the border abroad (boat people) starting in 1978, mainly Chinese.

In the early 1980s, the socio-economic crisis in Vietnam became severe and severe, the inflation rate reached 774.7% in 1986. These crises have put pressure on political renewal. and economic management.

After the Vietnam War, Cambodia repeatedly violated Vietnam's territory, even though Vietnam had made many moves to maintain peace. In May 1975, the Khmer Rouge attacked Phu Quoc and Tho Chu islands of Vietnam. From 1975-1978, border disputes and conflicts occurred frequently, with the support of China, the Khmer Rouge army repeatedly conducted raids deep into Vietnam's territory, according to statistics, About 30,000 civilians and thousands of Vietnamese soldiers were killed by Khmer Rouge troops in border raids during this time.

In December 1978, the Khmer Rouge launched major attacks on the border provinces from Tay Ninh to Kien Giang, and the town of Ha Tien was captured. The Vietnamese army organized a counter-attack, and on January 7, 1979, they entered the capital Phnom Penh to expel the Khmer Rouge. Before the Khmer Rouge organized genocide in Cambodia and invaded Vietnam's territory, the Vietnamese army was forced to intervene. On January 8, with the support of Vietnam, the Cambodian Revolutionary People's Council was established with Heng Samrin as its chairman. About 10 days later, this council signed a treaty with Vietnam, legalizing the presence of Vietnamese troops on Cambodian soil. In 1989, the Vietnamese army withdrew to the country after the Cambodian government stabilized, the genocidal forces were repelled.

The fact that Vietnam counterattacked and overthrew the Khmer Rouge regime in Cambodia was an excuse for China, which supported the Khmer Rouge regime, to have a reason to attack and invade Vietnam, with the statement of the President of China, Deng. Tieu Binh: "Vietnam is a thug, must teach Vietnam a lesson". On February 17, 1979, with a force of about 400,000 troops, China suddenly attacked the northern border provinces of Vietnam from Quang Ninh to Lai Chau, and after 3 weeks captured the capitals of these provinces. After the initial weakness, Vietnam organized a counter-attack and, along with the skilled corps transferred from the Cambodian battlefield, gradually regained the advantage. On March 18, 1979, China announced the withdrawal of troops from the border areas they captured.

This event caused the crisis of "Overseas Chinese" in the country. In the early 1980s, many people of Chinese origin, fearing a war between the two countries, fled Vietnam to China, or became "boat people" and fled to other countries. This war also led to the severance of diplomatic relations between the two countries, more than 13 years later, it was not until 1992 that the two countries normalized their diplomatic relations.

Also during this time, in March 1988, China used warships to attack Vietnamese engineering ships, and launched a naval war on the Co Lin, Len Dao, and Gac Ma reefs in the Spratly archipelago. and occupied Gac Ma, the Vietnamese side successfully defended Co Lin and Len Dao beaches.

Doi Moi period (1986–present)
In 1986, the 6th Congress of the Communist Party of Vietnam implemented the policy of "Doi Moi", led by Comrade Nguyen Van Linh, rationalizing the administrative structure and reforming. Party structure, rule of law and democracy. economic reform in the direction of a socialist-oriented market economy.

The doi moi has been completely implemented, the economic situation has improved significantly, from an importing country and receiving foreign aid to becoming an exporting country. Before 1989, Vietnam imported food but since 1989, Vietnam started to export 1-5 million tons of rice per year; and increase every year: 4.5 million tons (2004), 4.9 million tons (2005), ranking second in the world in terms of rice exports. Inflation gradually decreased (by 1990 it was 67.4%) and in 2005 it was only 8.5%.

During the period 1991-1995, the average annual growth rate of gross domestic product (GDP) reached 8.2%. By June 1996, foreign direct investment capital reached over 30.5 billion USD. Inflation decreased from 67.1% (1991) to 12.7% (1995) and 4.7% (1996).

In 2004, Vietnam achieved a growth rate of 7.7%, higher than the growth rate of the previous year and ranked second in the region, after Singapore. (Gross domestic product is $35 billion, equal to the GDP of the German state of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern.) Sustainable development is reflected in the growth of exports (up 30%) as well as the growth of industrial production and construction (10.2%). ). In 2005, Vietnam's GDP growth was 8.5%.

Up to now, Vietnam has established diplomatic relations with 167 countries and has trade relations with more than 100 countries. Companies from more than 70 countries and territories have directly invested in Vietnam.

In 1995, Vietnam normalized relations with the US, then joined ASEAN, APEC, a member of the ASEM forum. On November 7, 2006, became the 150th member of the WTO.

On January 11, 2007, Vietnam officially became the 150th member of the World Trade Organization (WTO) after 11 years of negotiations. On October 16, 2007, Vietnam was elected as one of the members. non-permanent member of the United Nations Security Council for the term 2008–2009. Immediately after joining the WTO, Vietnam's economic growth slowed down due to the impact of the 2008 global financial crisis. This also posed a requirement for the Communist Party of Vietnam to prevent and overcome thoroughly a part of cadres and party members degrade in political thought, morality, lifestyle, build a clean and strong Party, in parallel with raising vigilance against hostile forces [30]. By 2015, Vietnam's economy had begun to show strong signs of recovery.

Regarding external impacts, disputed events in the East Sea such as the Binh Minh 02 seismic wave was cut off by China's maritime surveillance, the Hai Duong 981 oil rig case and China's construction of artificial islands in the East Sea. major events affecting the current political situation in Vietnam. This pushes Vietnam to continue to contribute more to the formation of the ASEAN Economic Community and to cooperate comprehensively with the United States, signing free trade agreements with Japan, Korea and the European Union. .

Join the ASEAN Economic Community
On December 31, 2015, Vietnam officially joined the establishment of the ASEAN Economic Community - ASEAN Economic Community, abbreviated AEC, including 10 member countries. The AEC will be a valuable opportunity for Vietnam to boost exports, attract foreign investment, and quickly catch up with the regional and world economic development trends and levels.

However, besides the great advantages, the birth of AEC, Vietnamese businesses will also face many challenges. The competition in investment services of ASEAN countries will lead to some industries and enterprises having to reduce production or even withdraw from the market. Countries will expand export markets for Vietnamese goods, but at the same time, Vietnam must also open its doors to competitive goods from ASEAN countries.

Participating in the AEC will also be a great opportunity for Vietnam to accelerate institutional reform, modernize the economy, and raise the level of development. However, in the coming years, Vietnam will also face great pressure on institutional reform, economic restructuring, improvement of science and technology level and competitiveness, in the context of ASEAN leapfrogging. from the ASEAN Free Trade Area (AFTA) ladder to the Economic Community (AEC) ladder. Currently, the development level of Vietnam is still far behind many countries in ASEAN such as Singapore, Malaysia, Thailand, etc. Therefore, the reform pressure placed on Vietnam is very great.

Vietnam's national competitiveness ranking published by the World Economic Forum (WEF) for 2015–2016, Vietnam ranks very low in the region and ranks only 56th out of 144 economies. Outdated administrative management, many cumbersome procedures seriously negatively affect the competitiveness, cost of time and money of Vietnamese enterprises, for example, Vietnamese enterprises need to up to 872 hours/year to pay taxes while the average number of that service in ASEAN-6 countries is only 172 hours/year. This fact shows that institutional reform, economic restructuring, improvement of science - technology and competitiveness are urgent requirements for Vietnam in the coming period.

Organizations and Affiliations

 * Association of South East Asian Nations ( ASEAN)
 * United Nations ( UN)

Politics
Vietnamese politics follows the archetype of a socialist, one-party state. General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Vietnam is the highest leader in the political system in Vietnam. A new constitution was adopted in November 2013, reaffirming the leadership role of the Communist Party of Vietnam in socio-political affairs, outlining government reorganization and strengthening market reforms in the economy. economic. economic. Although Vietnam is a one-party state, following the Party's orthodox ideology has diminished the importance and priority of economic development and the protection of national security.

Overviewt
The political organization in Vietnam is arranged along a vertical axis with the Communist Party taking the lead, unlike the separation of powers like other parliamentary democratic government organizations. This distinct model was confirmed by the Law Committee of the National Assembly of Vietnam. General Secretary of the Communist Party of Vietnam, Nguyen Phu Trong, during the Fifth Plenum of the Communist Party of Vietnam in 2012 in Hanoi, flatly rejected the principle of separation of powers, which is the political foundation of most countries. In most countries in the world, he said that "state power is unified; there is division, coordination and control among agencies in the exercise of legislative, executive and judicial powers".

Former Minister of Justice of Vietnam, Nguyen Dinh Loc (in office from 1992 to 2002), said that Vietnam follows the model of "state power is unified, but there is division and coordination between powers". that" with a leading and ruling party.

The most important power within the Vietnamese government – ​​outside of the Communist Party – is the executive organs defined by the 2013 constitution: the positions of president and prime minister. The President of Vietnam acts as Head of State, Commander of the Armed Forces and Chairman of the National Defense and Security Council and Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces. The Prime Minister of Vietnam leads a government that currently consists of four deputy prime ministers and 22 ministers and committees, all of which are approved by the National Assembly and appointed by the President.

Participating international organizations
Vietnam is a member of the United Nations, Francophonie, ASEAN and APEC. In 2005, Vietnam participated in the opening of the East Asia Summit, with the aim to replace ASEAN in the future. Vietnam was allowed to join the World Trade Organization (WTO) on November 7, 2006.

In addition, Vietnam also participates in ACCT, AsDB, ESCAP, FAO, G77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Inmarsat, Intelsat, Interpol, IOC, IOM. inspector), ISO, ITU, NAM, OPCW, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO.

Diplomacy
Africa:


 *  Algeria
 *  Angola
 *  Botswana
 *  Burkina Faso
 *  Burundi
 *  Cape Verde
 *  Central African Republic
 *  Comoros
 *  Djibouti
 *  Guinea-Bissau
 *  Kenya
 *  Lesotho
 *  Madagascar
 *  Mauritania
 *  Mauritius
 *  Sao Tome and Principe

Americas:


 * Antigua and Barbuda
 *  Argentina
 *  Belize
 *  Brazil
 *  Canada
 *  Chile
 *  Colombia
 *  Cuba
 *  Dominica
 *  El Salvador
 *  Grenada
 *  Guyana
 *  Mexico
 *  Peru
 *  Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
 *  Suriname
 *  United States
 *  Uruguay
 *  Venezuela

Asia:


 * Afghanistan
 *  Armenia
 *  Bahrain
 *  Bangladesh
 *  Bhutan
 *  Brunei
 *  Cambodia
 *  China
 *  Georgia
 *  India
 *  Indonesia
 *  Iran
 *  Iraq
 *  Israel
 *  Japan
 *  Laos
 *  Malaysia
 *  Mongolia
 *  Myanmar
 *  North Korea
 *  Pakistan
 *  Philippines
 *  Qatar
 *  Saudi Arabia
 *  Singapore
 *  South Korea
 *  Taiwan
 *  Thailand
 *  Turkey
 *  United Arab Emirates
 *  Uzbekistan

Europe:


 * Albania
 *  Belarus
 *  Bulgaria
 *  Czech Republic
 *  Denmark
 *  Finland
 *  France
 *  Germany
 *  Greece
 *  Vatican City
 *  Hungary
 *  Italy
 *  Luxembourg
 *  Moldova
 *  Netherlands
 *  North Macedonia
 *  Poland
 *  Portugal
 *  Russia
 *  Serbia
 *  Slovakia
 *  Spain
 *  Sweden
 *  Switzerland
 *  Ukraine
 *  United Kingdom

Oceania:


 * Australia
 *  Fiji
 *  New Zealand
 *  Papua New Guinea
 *  Samoa
 *  Solomon Islands
 *  Vanuatu

Geography
Vietnam's geography is the geographical features of Vietnam, a country located on the eastern edge of the Indochinese peninsula, the center of Southeast Asia. The area of ​​Vietnam is 331,212 km². Vietnam's land border is 4,639 km long, bordering the Gulf of Thailand to the southwest, the Gulf of Tonkin and the East Sea to the east, China to the north, and Laos and Cambodia to the west. The shape of Vietnam on the map is S-shaped, the distance from north to south (according to the crow flies) is 1,650 km and the narrowest position in the east to west direction is in Dong Hoi (Quang Binh) with less than 50 kilometres. The coastline is 3,260 km long excluding the islands. In addition to the internal waters, Vietnam claims 12 nautical miles of the territorial sea, an additional 12 nautical miles of the contiguous zone, 200 nautical miles of exclusive economic zone and finally the continental shelf. The waters under Vietnam's sovereignty, sovereign rights and jurisdiction occupy an area of ​​about 1,000,000 square kilometres in the East Sea. '''

Topographic
Vietnam is a tropical country with mostly mountainous terrain (accounting for three-quarters of the territory), mainly low hills, and plains only accounting for one-quarter of the area. On a national scale, lowland plains and hills (under 1,000 m) account for 85% of the area. High mountainous terrain (over 2,000 m) accounts for only 1% of the country's area. The topographical structure is quite diverse thanks to the rejuvenation of the Neo-tectonic movement, creating a clear hierarchy according to altitude, descending from the northwest to the southeast. Less than 20% of the land can be used for agriculture. The country is divided into mountainous areas, the Red River Delta in the north; Truong Son range, the Central Highlands, the central coastal plain, and the Mekong River Delta in the south.

Coastal plains
Low, flat coastal plains stretch from the southern Red River Delta to the Mekong Delta. On the mainland, the Truong Son mountain range rises steeply on the coast, its capes in many places running obliquely to the sea. In general, the coastal land is quite fertile and densely cultivated.

The East Sea is a large, relatively closed sea, clearly showing the tropical monsoon nature of Southeast Asia. The East Sea is many times larger than the mainland and has great value in many ways. It is necessary to have a better plan to exploit and protect the sea to contribute to the industrialization and modernization of the country.

Natural domains
Vietnam's territory on the mainland consists of three natural regions (with common topographical, flora and fauna, and climate characteristics in the region), that is: the North and the Northeast of the North; North West and North Central regions; South Central and Southern Vietnam.

The North and Northeast North is the region located north of the Red River and to the south of Ninh Binh province. This region is further divided into three natural zones: Viet Bac area, Northeast area and Northern delta area. This region's basic feature is that it has a close relationship with the mainland of South China (China) in terms of geology - tectonics and is strongly influenced by the northeast monsoon.

The terrain is mainly low hill with an average altitude of 600 m. The arc direction of the mountain ranges and river valleys is a prominent feature in the painted structure of the region. Karst terrain is quite common. The general inclination direction is northwest-southeast with the lowland terrain gradually reaching the sea and the confluence of large rivers causing the delta to widen.

Coastal topography is diverse: flat low places with many bays, islands and archipelagos. The sea is shallow, but there are still deep-water bays that are favourable for marine economic development.

Mineral resources: rich in coal, iron, tin, tungsten, lead, silver, zinc, and construction materials,... The northern continental shelf has the Red River oil and gas basin.

The strong penetration of the northeast monsoon creates a cold winter. This feature is reflected in the lowering of the subtropical highland (with many northern tree species) and the seasonal change in the natural landscape.

The irregularity of the seasonal rhythms of the climate, river flows and the high volatility of the weather, are major obstacles to the region.

The Northwestern and North Central regions are the southern part of the Red River to the north of the Bach Ma mountain range. This region is also divided into three zones, including the Hoang Lien Son area, the Northwest area and the Hoa Binh area - the North Central region. The South Central and Southern regions are limited from the Bach Ma mountain range to the South. This region has a rather complex geological - topographical structure, including ancient massifs, eroded highlands and basalt plateaus, a large delta in the South, and a narrow plain along the South Central Coast.

The region, domains
Northern Vietnam: Northwest East Northern Red river delta Sometimes the two regions of the Northwest and the Northeast are combined into the Northern Midlands and Mountains

Central: North Central South Central Coast Highlands

Southern: South East Mekong Delta

Area and border
Key figures Area: 331,212 km²

Inland: about 324,480 km² Internal waters: more than 4,200 km² Length of land border: 4,639 km

Borders with countries: China (1,449.566 km), Laos (2,067 km), Cambodia (1,137 km) Coastline: 3,260 km (excluding islands)

Sea areas under sovereignty and jurisdiction:

Territorial Sea: 12 nautical miles (22.2 km) from baselines Contiguous zone: 12 nautical miles (22.2 km) from the territorial sea Exclusive Economic Zone: 200 nautical miles (370.4 km) from the baselines Shelf Height:

Lowest point: East Sea (0 m) Highest point: Fansipan peak (3,143 m) The border with Laos, defined on the basis of ethnicity, between the kings who ruled Vietnam and Laos in the mid-seventeenth century, was formally defined by a demarcation treaty signed in 1977 and ratified in 1986. The border with Cambodia, defined since the French annexed the western part of the Mekong Delta in 1867, remains largely unchanged today. According to Vietnam, a number of outstanding border issues were finally resolved in the period 1982 to 1985. The land and sea border with China, outlined by the Franco-Chinese treaties of 1887 and 1895, is the "borderline" that Vietnam and the People's Republic of China agreed to respect in 2014. 1957-1958. However, in February 1979, following the Vietnam-China border war of 1979, Vietnam claimed that from 1957 onward China had caused many border conflicts as part of its political their anti-Vietnam policy and expansionist intentions in Southeast Asia. Among the territorial violations raised was China's occupation of part of the Paracel Islands in 1956 and the entire archipelago on January 19, 1974. Currently, the Republic of China (Taiwan), the Republic of China The People's Republic of China and Vietnam both claim the islands and the issue remains unresolved.

In the Spratly Islands, besides Vietnam, there are 5 claimants: the Republic of China (Taiwan), the People's Republic of China, the Philippines, Malaysia and Brunei. Extreme points the North Pole The northernmost point on the mainland of Vietnam is located in Lung Cu commune, Dong Van district, Ha Giang province at coordinates 23.392505912°N 105.32324°E (23°23′33″N 105°19′23.7 "D).

Extreme south pole The southernmost point on the mainland of Vietnam is located in Dat Mui commune, Ngoc Hien district, Ca Mau province at coordinates 8.5624409°N 104.8312831°E (8°33′44.8″N 104°49′52),6″E).

The southernmost point in the sea of ​​Vietnam is located at Hon Da Le, Hon Khoai archipelago, Ca Mau province (point A2 of the Vietnam Baseline) at coordinates 8,380852°N 104.878725°E (8°22′) 51.1″N 104°52′43.4″E). The westernmost point on the mainland of Vietnam is located at A Pa Chai - Ta Mieu, Sin Thau commune, Muong Nhe district, Dien Bien province[2][3] (Vietnam - China - Laos border junction) at coordinates 22,400734°N 102.14394°E (22°24′2.6″N 102°08′38.2″E). The easternmost point on the mainland of Vietnam is located at Doi Cape on Hon Gom peninsula, Van Thanh commune, Van Ninh district, Khanh Hoa province at coordinates 12,6483756°N 109.4616339°E (12°38′54, 2″N 109°27′41.9″E) (not to be confused with Dien Cape in Phu Yen).

If including the Truong Sa archipelago, the easternmost point of Vietnam (currently under control) is located at Tien Nu Lighthouse on Tien Nu rock in this archipelago[4] at coordinates 8.871139°N 114.680778°E (8°52′16.1″N 114°40′50.8″E).

Area and border
Key figures Area: 331,212 km²

Inland: about 324,480 km² Internal waters: more than 4,200 km² Length of land border: 4,639 km

Borders with countries: China (1,449.566 km), Laos (2,067 km), Cambodia (1,137 km) Coastline: 3,260 km (excluding islands)

Sea areas under sovereignty and jurisdiction:

Territorial Sea: 12 nautical miles (22.2 km) from baselines Contiguous zone: 12 nautical miles (22.2 km) from the territorial sea Exclusive Economic Zone: 200 nautical miles (370.4 km) from the baselines Shelf Height:

Lowest point: East Sea (0 m) Highest point: Fansipan peak (3,143 m) The border with Laos, defined on the basis of ethnicity, between the kings who ruled Vietnam and Laos in the mid-seventeenth century, was formally defined by a demarcation treaty signed in 1977 and ratified in 1986. The border with Cambodia, defined since the French annexed the western part of the Mekong Delta in 1867, remains largely unchanged today. According to Vietnam, a number of outstanding border issues were finally resolved in the period 1982 to 1985. The land and sea border with China, outlined by the Franco-Chinese treaties of 1887 and 1895, is the "borderline" that Vietnam and the People's Republic of China agreed to respect in 2014. 1957-1958. However, in February 1979, following the Vietnam-China border war of 1979, Vietnam claimed that from 1957 onward China had caused many border conflicts as part of its political their anti-Vietnam policy and expansionist intentions in Southeast Asia. Among the territorial violations raised was China's occupation of part of the Paracel Islands in 1956 and the entire archipelago on January 19, 1974. Currently, the Republic of China (Taiwan), the Republic of China The People's Republic of China and Vietnam both claim the islands and the issue remains unresolved.

In the Spratly Islands, besides Vietnam, there are 5 claimants: the Republic of China (Taiwan), the People's Republic of China, the Philippines, Malaysia and Brunei.  Extreme points North Pole The northernmost point on the mainland of Vietnam is located in Lung Cu commune, Dong Van district, Ha Giang province at coordinates 23.392505912°N 105.32324°E (23°23′33″N 105°19′23.7 "D).

Extreme south pole The southernmost point on the mainland of Vietnam is located in Dat Mui commune, Ngoc Hien district, Ca Mau province at coordinates 8.5624409°N 104.8312831°E (8°33′44.8″N 104°49′52),6″E).

The southernmost point in the sea of ​​Vietnam is located at Hon Da Le, Hon Khoai archipelago, Ca Mau province (point A2 of the Vietnam Baseline) at coordinates 8,380852°N 104.878725°E (8°22′) 51.1″N 104°52′43.4″E).  The westernmost point The westernmost point on the mainland of Vietnam is located at A Pa Chai - Ta Mieu, Sin Thau commune, Muong Nhe district, Dien Bien province[2][3] (Vietnam - China - Laos border junction) at coordinates 22,400734°N 102.14394°E (22°24′2.6″N 102°08′38.2″E).  The easternmost point The easternmost point on the mainland of Vietnam is located at Doi Cape on Hon Gom peninsula, Van Thanh commune, Van Ninh district, Khanh Hoa province at coordinates 12,6483756°N 109.4616339°E (12°38′54, 2″N 109°27′41.9″E) (not to be confused with Dien Cape in Phu Yen).

If including the Truong Sa archipelago, the easternmost point of Vietnam (currently under control) is located at Tien Nu Lighthouse on Tien Nu rock in this archipelago[4] at coordinates 8.871139°N 114.680778°E (8°52′16.1″N 114°40′50.8″E).

Resources and land use
Natural resources phosphate, coal, manganese, bauxite, chromate, offshore: petroleum minerals and natural gas, forests, hydroelectricity (hydroelectricity).

Using land Cultivated land: 17% Fixed crop: 4% Fixed grassland: 1% Forests and forests: 30% Other: 48% (estimated 1993) The land is irrigated 18,600 km² (estimated 1993)

Disaster
Tropical storms appear mainly in the rainy season from May to November, occurring mainly in the North and Central regions with widespread flooding. Because it is in the Northern Hemisphere, storms and tropical depressions entering Vietnam rotate counterclockwise.

Environment
Logging and burning of forests for farming contribute to deforestation and soil erosion; water pollution and overfishing threaten marine life; groundwater pollution reduces the supply of clean water; increased urban industrialization and migration rapidly degraded the environment in Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City.

Vietnam is a member of the Convention on Biological Diversity, United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, Convention Against Desertification, International Convention on Trade in Wild Fauna and Flora endangered species, Basel Convention on Control of Cross-Border Transport of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal, United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, Vienna Convention on the Protection of the Ozone Layer, International Convention International Organization for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL 73/78), Ramsar Convention on Wetlands.

Vietnam has signed but not ratified: the Kyoto Protocol on climate change, the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons. The report on the current state of the environment in Vietnam is carried out every 5 years, the most recent report being in 2010. Between those years are thematic environmental reports. Accordingly, the outstanding environmental problems are organic matter pollution in surface water of river basins with many industrial zones and densely populated urban areas, and higher levels of organic matter and coliform flowing through these areas. current standards of Vietnam 2-3 times; Agricultural pollution due to excessive use of fertilizers and pesticides; Biodiversity has been seriously reduced, 80% of coral reefs are in bad condition, seagrass beds have decreased by 40-60% compared to the period before 1990.[7] Vietnam's environmental security issues have not been assessed such as water security, uncontrolled cross-border pollution, invasive alien species and invasive genetically modified species.

Family

 * Dainam — Parent
 * Tayson — Parent
 * National Front for the Liberation of South Vietnam — Sibling
 * Democratic Republic of Vietnam — Sibling
 * VietMinh — Sibling
 * Empire of Vietnam — Sibling
 * Indochina — Cousin-sister
 * Laos — Cousin-sister
 * "Cambodia — Cousin-brother

Optional

 * France — Step-Parent

Friends



 * USSR — "They helped me during and after the Vietnam War. They're a good friend... Rest in peace..."
 * Russia — "We helped each other, they're a nice friend."
 * Laos — "They're both my sister and my teammate."
 * Cuba — "Oh, he's my best friend. We always help each other when needed."
 * ​​​​​​ France — "Since you apologized and fixed your mistakes in our relationship I forgive you but don’t forget what you did to me! We are friends and you help me a lot, so thanks for that! I'll also start helping you back if you need it. I will help rebuild the Notre Dam. I feel bad for you!"
 * Philippines — "My best friend, even though I'm a communist. You still accept me and friend me for who I am. I appreciate that. You even let me join the ASEAN and show me to a lot of people! We've been close friends since Ancient times. I cherish you deeply for this."
 * India — "Great friend! Best trading partner and I have to say that I love your Indian soap operas, they're really great!"

Neutral

 * United States — "We are cool partners! I gave them the best lesson of their life to start an unbreakable partnership. Me and them can get along smoothly. Please apologize for the Vietnam War!"


 * South Korea — ”Great friend. My people love his K-Pop and their products but I won’t forget what your soldiers did to my people back in the Vietnam war. Overall we’re cool now. There’s just tension between us."
 * Japan — "My people loves your anime and products. We both agreed to stay our relations as neutral."
 * North Korea — “We’re just not close as we used to besides, I’m seeing a different side of you that I don’t like.”

Enemies

 * China — "I know you, and I have no relations to you."
 * French Empire (formerly) —  "I hate you! You starved and mistreated my people! And even made me mistake you to be my cousin Indochina" '
 * Morocco
 * Cambodia – "Even though they're cousins, she hates me so much when she informs them that I'm invading their country, I don't understand why she's like that? Maybe because I killed my cousin Indochina?"
 * Guyana

Lost loved ones

 *  Dainam
 *  Tayson
 *  French Indochina
 *  Empire of Vietnam
 *  North Vietnam
 *  National Front for the Liberation of South Vietnam
 *  Democratic Republic of Vietnam

China
The countries were enemies until the relationship between them strengthen due to the support of Communism on the North half of the country until it waned due to disputes over the territorial issues and the prolonged border war. In real life and politically situation they both hate each other.

Cuba
The countries relationship is extremely good! Cuba is Vietnam's best friend. Cuba supported Vietnam in times of war and even now, Cuba willing to help Vietnam, and Vietnam's government appreciates what they did for Vietnam. Fidel Castro - a Cuban revolutionary, politician, and Cuba's president (from 1976 to 2008) said about the Vietnam-Cuba relationship: ''"For Vietnam, we are willing to sacrifice our blood". ''That's not all, because they have more than that. But still, these are enough for their strong friendship.

Philippines
Since the end of the Cold War, relations between the countries have warmed significantly. Vietnam is sometimes referred to as the only communist military ally of the Philippines. The two nations enjoy education, tourism, agriculture, aquaculture, trade, and defense. Both countries have a long history together and still maintain a warm relationship. Both nations have overlapping claims in the Spratly Islands but have never made military confrontations as both view each other as diplomatic allies and ASEAN close friends.

Trivia

 * Vietnam is the number one country in the world in terms of rice exports.
 * 1957 to 1975 saw war between North and South Vietnam. Countries including the United States, Russia, and China, became involved. The country was reunified under a communist regime. The 1990's saw economic progress as a free-market system and trade with the West began again.
 * The currency of Vietnam is called đồng (vnd).
 * Vietnamese food is considered one of the healthiest cuisines in the world with its combination of fresh ingredients like fresh herbs, sea-foods, fruits and vegetables along with fish sauce, shrimp paste, soy sauce, rice and more.
 * Vietnamese fans began to reject the fact that their country is being shipped with others and it's considered offensive and unreasonable since other ships don't have any connection to the country and they only consider their close ally Philippines, Laos and Cuba.
 * They are mostly shipped with Cuba and the Philippines.
 * They used to be constantly shipped with China and the USSR.