Peru

Peru (Spanish. Perú, Quechua Piruw , Aime. Piruw ), the official name - the Republic of Peru (Spanish:. Republica del Peru, Quechua Piruw Mama Llaqta, Aime. Piruw Suyu ) - character Country Humans , a country in South America. It borders in the northwest with Ecuador, in the north with Colombia, in the east with Brazil, in the southeast with Bolivia and Chile.

Personality
Peru is known as daring, positive, humble, modest, and friendly. Even though Peru used to be not so daring as they are now, they have always been as positive, friendly, humble, and modest as they were before. Peru is also really good at making friends, but has their enemies. Because of how they are brave now, they are now afraid to pick a fight of needed; but they try to be as kind and positive as they can be.

Appearance
Peru is a country man whose head is painted in the form of the country's flag. He almost always wears a poncho and a Peruvian hat, which are almost always handmade. Wears a gold pendant. He also likes to wear dark brown pants with black boots or black jeans with white sneakers.

Flag meaning
Flag Day: June 7

The oldest period
The first inhabitants of Peru were nomads from Asia who crossed to America through the Bering Strait, and stopped at this place. One of the cities of ancient Peru, which existed in the times of BC, was Caral.

Chavin de Huantar was the most famous Peruvian culture, on a par with the Chinese Shang civilization and the Mesopotamian culture of the Sumerians. The dawn of this culture falls on the 10th century BC.

When Chavin has a "crisis" (if you can call it that), the dawn of other Peruvian cultures begins, such as Moche (north coast), Recuai and Cajamarca (northern highlands), Lima (center) Nazca (south coast), Vari and Tiahuanaco (southern highlands). They establish powerful and unique states. Those times are called the Classical Era.

This era is followed by the era of imperial conquest, lasting from 900 to 1532. Initially, the north of Peru unites the Sikan and Chimu empires (the former is the descendants of Moche). During its heyday (about the 15th century), the Chimu empire stretched from northern Tumbes to southern Chankai. Imperial centers also emerged along the coast at Ichmu and Pachacamac. Thus, from the XIII to XV centuries. many small empires arose in the mountainous regions, the largest of which were the Chachapoyas in the northern jungle of San Martin and the empire near Cuzco.

The Incas and their empire
In the XII century A.D. NS. in the valley of the Urubamba River, the state of the Incas appears. For five centuries, it turns into a huge and powerful empire of pre-Columbian America. In the north, the border runs along the Patiya River (the river belongs to Colombia), in the south - along the Maule River (the river belongs to Chile), in the east the Inca rule extends to parts of the territories of what is now Brazil, Paraguay and Argentina.

Around the 13th century, the Incas began their expansion, but only in the 15th century, under the leadership of Emperor Pachacuti Aoni, they completed this business. Therefore, this empire is one of the largest empires in history, which united the coastal and mountainous parts of modern Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Chile and Argentina.

The center of the Tahuantinsuyu empire is the city of Cuzco.

Colonial Peru
In 1533, the Supreme Inca Atahualpa was executed, but for some time the struggle of the Incas with the Spanish conquistadors continued. The Spaniards achieve victory by exploiting the divisions between the Inca clans. For some time, the subordinate position of the Indians is excessive and threatens to provoke uprisings. So Francisco de Toledo introduced the Inca tax, forcing the Indians to posthumously work in the mine in Huancavelica and the silver mine in Potosí, without receiving anything for it. These uprisings and resistance to the Spaniards continued until 1783.

Independence of Peru
After the abdication of the Spanish king Charles IV at the beginning of the nineteenth century. in South America, ideas of independence appear. José de San Martín, who liberated Argentina and Chile, defeats the royal troops in Peru and on July 28, 1821 proclaims the country's independence. After that, he meets with General Bolivar, who liberated Venezuela, Colombia and Ecuador, and transfers control of Peru to him. After that, the difficult construction of a new state takes place: over the course of 40 years, 35 presidents are replaced, and 15 different constitutions are adopted.

Modern Peru
After the Pacific War between Chile, Bolivia and Peru, which begins over a dispute over the extraction of nitrates in the Atacama Desert, power in Peru passed to the dictator Augusto Leguia, who was in power from 1919 to 1930.

In 1968, General Juan Velasco Alvarado seizes power, who pursues a more independent policy with the nationalization of various places (for example, banks). He proclaimed Quechua (the language of the Indians) as the second national language. All this spoils the economy, and in 1975 Alvarado was forced to leave the presidency.

In 1980 Fernando Belaunde Terry won the first democratic elections in Peru. During his reign, the drug trade expanded, and the development of industry was hampered by high inflation.

Alan Garcia, who ruled from 1985 to 1990, the next Peruvian president is forced to flee first to Colombia and then to France, hiding from accusations of waste and corruption. The end of his reign is marked by the rise of a left-wing Maoist terrorist movement called the Shining Path.

During the presidency of Alberto Fujimori, cracking down on the Shining Path, inflation drops to 20% and the exchange rate stabilizes. However, after a spy scandal involving Fujimori, the president flees to Japan and announces his resignation.

In 2001, for the first time an Indian, Alejandro Toledo, won the elections in Peru, which is quite surprising. They're achieving significant economic growth (6.5%) and an export boom.

Geography
Peru is located on the central western coast of South America facing the Pacific Ocean. It lies wholly in the Southern Hemisphere, its northernmost extreme reaching to 1.8 minutes of latitude or about 3.3 kilometres (2.1 mi) south of the equator, covers 1,285,216 km (496,225 sq mi) of western South America. It borders Ecuador and Colombia to the north, Brazil to the east, Bolivia to the southeast, Chile to the south, and the Pacific Ocean to the west. The Andes mountains run parallel to the Pacific Ocean; they define the three regions traditionally used to describe the country geographically.

The costa (coast), to the west, is a narrow plain, largely arid except for valleys created by seasonal rivers. The sierra (highlands) is the region of the Andes; it includes the Altiplano plateau as well as the highest peak of the country, the 6,768 m (22,205 ft) Huascarán. The third region is the selva (jungle), a wide expanse of flat terrain covered by the Amazon rainforest that extends east. Almost 60 per cent of the country's area is located within this region. The country has fifty-four hydrographic basins, fifty-two of which are small coastal basins that discharge their waters into the Pacific Ocean. The other two are the Amazon basin, which empties into the Atlantic Ocean, and the endorheic basin of Lake Titicaca, both delimited by the Andes mountain range. In the second of these basins, the giant Amazon River begins, which, with its 6872 km, is the longest river in the world, with 75% of the Peruvian territory. Peru contains 4% of the planet's freshwater.

Most Peruvian rivers originate in the peaks of the Andes and drain into one of three basins. Those that drain toward the Pacific Ocean are steep and short, flowing only intermittently. Tributaries of the Amazon River have a much larger flow, and are longer and less steep once they exit the sierra. Rivers that drain into Lake Titicaca are generally short and have a large flow. Peru's longest rivers are the Ucayali, the Marañón, the Putumayo, the Yavarí, the Huallaga, the Urubamba, the Mantaro, and the Amazon.

The largest lake in Peru, Lake Titicaca between Peru and Bolivia high in the Andes, is also the 2nd largest of South America. The largest reservoirs, all in the coastal region of Peru, are the Poechos, Tinajones, San Lorenzo, and El Fraile reservoirs.

Argentina
We border each other and have always helped each other. In addition, Argentina plays soccer incomparably, which I am extremely happy about.

United States
I like this person! They're funny and cool, I love them. And they are also paid for the fact that I helped them.

Spain
We had a similar situation as with Chile. But I'm not offended by Spain. They have always played great soccer, for which I can praise them. Besides, what is it about if we speak the same language?!

Brazil
They are a longtime ally. Just like Argentina and Spain, it plays great football.

Canada
They play great hockey and make a wonderful syrup that I love! We are old friends and Canada thinks the same!

Colombia
We are longtime friends and allies.

Mexico
We know each other a little, but immediately became friends. We have similar traits. We are now even better friends!

Chile
Before we often fought, but now our relations are more or less improved. Give me back the province of Tarapaca!

Venezuela
An idiot who is always trying to take my territories. But they know perfectly well that they will not succeed, so why are they doing this ?!

Ecuador (sometimes)
Fought three times over disputed territories in the 20th century, and in all of them I won! We are improving relations though.

Opinions
TBA

General

 * They've the largest potato varieties in the world, going up to 3.000 different topes of potatoes.
 * In addition, they celebrate the potato nacional day on may 30 since 2005


 * They have over 3.5 million Alpacas in their terrioties which is 3/4 of the total population of this creature. . Also the national animal is the vicuña, a small camelid similar to the alpaca. It comes in 22 natural colors and its wool is considered the world’s most luxurious fabric..


 * Roasted guinea pig – Cuy – is the national dish of Peru. It is served whole – head and feet intact!


 * There is a dispute between Peru and  Chile about Pisco and their origins.
 * Acording to a different sourses, Peru has more aprovement than Chile

History & Geography

 * Peru has the largest river in the world which is "The Amazon" river along with Brazil and  Colombia.


 * Even thought The amazon river it's larger by volume some scientifics think that "The Nilo" river is slightly longer.


 * They have one of the 7 wonders of the modern world with is the "lost city" of Machu Picchu in Cusco.


 * They have the world’s highest navigable lake which is the "Lake Titicaca" at 12,500 feet (3,810 metres) above sea level.
 * This lake is also the 2nd largest lake in South America.


 * Caral-supe is believed to be the oldest site occupied by humans in the Americas. Its history dates back 5,000 years.

Extra(s)

 * Religion:
 * Catholic (81.3% Million)
 * Protestantism (12.5%, 4 million)
 * Athiest (2.9%, 919,101)
 * Other (3.3%, 1 Million)
 * Urbanization: 79% (25 Million)
 * Social Progress Index: 61st in the World
 * Basic Human Needs: 89th in the World
 * Foundations of Wellbeing: 52nd in the World
 * Social Opportunities: 65th in the World
 * Health and Wellness: 45th in the World
 * Basic Medical Care: 91st in the World
 * Personal Safety: 101st in the World
 * Access to Education: 69th in the World
 * Advanced Education: 66th in the World
 * Illiteracy: 74th in the World (5.8%)
 * Access to information: 95th in the World
 * Environmental Quality: 27th in the World
 * Personal Freedom: 105th in the World
 * Personal Rights: 69th in the World
 * Freedom of Speech: 39th in the World
 * Tolerance and Inclusion: 68th in the World
 * Women Equality: Medium
 * Tolerance for Homosexuals: 32.8% (49th in the World)
 * Tolerance for Minorities: 125th in the World
 * GDP: $425 Billion
 * Unemployment: 6.7% (1.1 Million)
 * Telephones: 32.8 Million
 * Mobile Phones: 29.4 Million
 * Internet Users: 12.6 Million Users (39.8%)