Chile

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Chile (officially the Republic of Chile) is a South American country that occupies a long and narrow strip of land between the Andes (known as the Andes Mountains, also located in Venezuela,  Colombia,  Ecuador,  Peru,  Bolivia and  Argentina, to the east and the Pacific Ocean to the west. Limited mainly with three countries.

The country is gaining popularity like its Latin American brothers in the Fandom.

Appearance
Chile uses a traditional Chilean cloth known as Poncho in some artistic appearances. Because of the star, they're frequently seen wearing an eye patch (star-shaped). More rare, they're seen to have a tail due to their countries shape resembling a snake

Personality
Not much is known about Chile's personality, but sometimes it can be needed and stubborn. He is shown as a relatively friendly and outgoing person, but cold and reserved when he is in a bad mood.

Interests
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Etymology
Chile may derive its name from a Native American word meaning either "ends of the earth" or "sea gulls". It could also derive from the Mapuche word chilli, which may mean "where the land ends;" or from the Quechua chiri, "cold", or tchili, meaning either "snow" or "the deepest point of the Earth.

Flag Meaning
Color, meaning	HEX	RGB A blue square represents the clear sky. #0038A8	255, 255, 255 The star and the white stripe represent the snow of the Andes mountain range. #FFFFFF	206, 17, 38 The red stripe represents the blood shed by the patriots in the battle for independence. #CE1126	0, 56, 168

Prehispanic Chile
The oldest archaeological remains in Chile have been located in Monte Verde ( Los Lagos region ), circa 12800 BC. C.,  at the end of the Upper Paleolithic, making it the first known human settlement in America. In this period the Chinchorro culture stood out, developed in the north of the country between 5000 and 1700 BC. C., the first in the world to artificially mummify its dead.

The population of pre-Hispanic Chile increased from a few thousand Paleo - Indians in the 7th millennium BC. To 1,200,000 indigenous people in the 16th century. At that time, the current country was inhabited by various aboriginal cultures located in longitudinal strips, which even crossed the Andes mountain range and reached the Atlantic Ocean.

In the north of the country, the Aymara, Atacameños and Diaguitas established agricultural cultures strongly influenced by the Inca Empire as of the 11th century ; From the late 15th century, this empire dominated the northern half of present-day Chile up to the Maule River and established two wamanis or provinces: " Elki " and " Chili .  On the coasts of the north and central areas, the chango people lived . South of the Aconcagua River , the different Mapuche groups settled, farmers and ranchers, who are the main indigenous group in the country. In the Patagonian channels, the Chonos , Kawésqar and Yaganes canoe nomads lived ; and in the Patagonian steppe, the terrestrial nomads Aónikenk and Selknam .  On Easter Island, the Polynesian culture developed rapanui almost became extinct in the middle of the nineteenth century.

Spanish Domain
In November 1520, Fernando de Magallanes was the first European explorer to recognize the current Chilean territory when crossing the strait that bears his surname. In 1535 the Spanish conquerors tried to take over the lands of the "valley of Chile" after conquering the Inca Empire. The first expedition, led by Diego de Almagro , failed. Pedro de Valdivia tried again to conquer the lands to the south of the continent, crossing the Atacama Desert in 1540. Valdivia founded several settlements -the first and foremost, on February 12, 1541, Santiago de Nueva Extremadura-. Subsequently, Valdivia began a military campaign towards the southernmost territories, where he died after an ambush laid by the toqui Lautaro, Initiating the War of Arauco when facing the Mapuche tribes. This warlike confrontation, the first phase of which Alonso de Ercilla recounted in La Araucana (1569), extended over three centuries, although with different periods of peace thanks to the holding of " parliaments " —such as that of Quilín, which established a boundary between the colonial government and indigenous tribes along the Biobío River in 1641, giving its name to the area known as La Frontera -.

The Captaincy General of Chile, initially called " New Extremadura » and then " Kingdom of Chile "  was one of the possessions southernmost of the Spanish Empire . Because of its location away from the major centers and routes commercial imperial and the conflict with the Mapuche, Chile was a dependent captaincy of the Viceroyalty of Peru, whose economy was destined to supply said viceregal raw materials - leather , tallow and wheat  - and to the Spanish of the Chilean territory.

Independence
In 1808, the Spanish Empire lived in a growing state of turmoil. In Chile the news of the Napoleonic invasion of Spain and the captivity of Fernando VII, at the time he had taken García Carrasco like governor of Chile. After a noisy smuggling case, García Carrasco resigned in 1810. The oldest military man in Chile at that time was Mateo de Toro y Zambrano, who for that reason had to take temporary command. At that time, the Juntista movement had spread strongly among the Creoles, that is to say, that of replacing the Spanish government with a junta of notables that would retain the government while the sovereign's captivity lasted.

The governor accepted the call to an open council to decide the establishment of a governing board. Thus, on September 18, 1810, the First National Board of Government was formed, of which Toro y Zambrano himself was appointed president.

Formation of the republic
The process of emancipation of Chile began with the establishment of the First National Government Junta on September 18, 1810, after the arrest of King Ferdinand VII in Spain by Napoleon Bonaparte of the First French Empire. Thus began the period of the Old Homeland, highlighting the leader José Miguel Carrera and lasted until the Battle of Rancagua in 1814 when the troops of the Royal Army of Chile reconquered the territory, which were harassed by the Zapa War led by Manuel Rodriguez. The Chilean independence troops who took refuge in the city of Mendoza formed together with the River Plate - now Argentina - the Army of the Andes, commanded by the Argentine José de San Martín, which liberated Chile after the battle of Chacabuco on February 12, 1817, beginning the stage of the New Homeland. The Independence of Chile was declared an exact year later, under the government of Supreme Director Bernardo O'Higgins and ratified after the battle of Maipú on April 5, 1818 by the United Liberation Army of Chile.

O'Higgins began a period of reforms that provoked the discontent of a large part of the oligarchy, which caused his abdication in 1823. That same year, through the Constitution, slavery was abolished in Chile. Over the next seven years, a series of processes sought to organize the new country. After several constitutional trials and the Conservative triumph in the 1829 Revolution, a period of stability began with the so-called Conservative Republic, whose maximum reference was Minister Diego Portales, who laid the foundations for the organization of the country with the Constitution of 1833.

Chile began to expand its territory and establish its borders. Through the conquest of Chiloé and the Treaty of Tantauco, the Chiloé archipelago was incorporated in 1826.83 The economy had a great boom due to the discovery of the silver ore of Chañarcillo and the growing trade of the port of Valparaíso, 84 which led to a conflict for maritime supremacy in the South Pacific with Peru. The formation of the Peru-Bolivian Confederation was considered a threat to the stability of the country and Portales declared war, which ended with the victory of the United Restoration Army in 1839 and the dissolution of the Confederation. At the same time, an attempt was made to consolidate sovereignty in southern Chile, intensifying the penetration of La Araucanía and the colonization of Llanquihue with German immigrants.85 Through the founding of Fort Bulnes, the Magallanes region was incorporated in 1843, 85 while the areas of Antofagasta, then Bolivian territory, and Aysén began to be populated. Between 1865 and 1866, Chile was at war against Spain. In 1871 an armistice was achieved and in 1883 the Treaty of Peace and Friendship was signed between both nations.

After thirty years of conservative government and after the so-called "sacristan question", in 1861 a period of domination by the Liberal party began, characterized by the economic wealth obtained from the mining of nitrate in the Antofagasta area, which caused border differences with Bolivia, a country that claimed that territory as its own. Although they had signed boundary treaties in 1866 and 1874, they failed to resolve their disputes. On February 14, 1879, the Chilean occupation of Antofagasta was carried out, initiating military actions against Bolivia. In 1873 the Peru-Bolivia Defensive Alliance treaty had been signed, so Chile declared war on both on April 5, 1879, formally initiating the War of the Pacific, the largest in the country's history, which ended in 1884 with Chile's victory, the signing of the Ancón treaty with Peru and the Truce pact with Bolivia.After the conflict, Chile obtained dominion over the Bolivian department of Litoral and the Peruvian provinces of Tarapacá, Arica and Tacna, the latter until 1929, and resolved most of its border issues with Argentina in Patagonia in 1881 and the Puna de Atacama in 1898. Between 1861 and 1883 it carried out the Occupation of Araucanía and in 1888 the island of Rapa Nui was annexed.

XXI century
In 1891, the conflict between President José Manuel Balmaceda and the National Congress triggered a civil war, where the congressmen triumphed and established the Parliamentary Republic.Despite the economic boom, the period was characterized by political instability and the beginning of the proletarian movement of the called "social question", caused by an unequal distribution of wealth and various problems that affected the popular world.

After years of domination by the oligarchy, in 1920 Arturo Alessandri was elected, who became a temporary bridge between the "golden scoundrel" and the "beloved mob," as he called the elite and the popular masses, respectively, who were each The crisis worsened and led to the resignation of Alessandri on two occasions. Despite this, he managed to promulgate the Constitution of 1925, which originated the Presidential Republic.

Carlos Ibáñez was elected in 1927 with great popular support, but the ravages of the First World War, in which the country declared itself neutral, poor economic policy in the use of resources and the Great Depression wiped out the wealth created by the extraction of nitrate, producing a severe economic crisis In less than three years, GDP fell to less than half and the country was considered the most affected by the world crisis. Bañez resigned in 1931 and political instability increased after a coup which originated the brief Socialist Republic of Chile, before Alessandri resumed power and recovered the economy, which did not ease the tension between the political parties. The political crisis was also social; New social actors demanded modifications to the way of thinking the country.

In this scenario, Pedro Aguirre Cerda was elected president in 1938 by an alliance opposed to the traditional governments of the Chilean elite, initiating the period of government of the Radical party. His mandate made various changes, mainly in the economic area, promoting Chilean industrialization through the Production Development Corporation, created together with the Reconstruction and Relief Corporation after the 1939 Chillán earthquake, the deadliest in the history of Chile. In addition, his government paid greater attention to social problems and established the claim on the Chilean Antarctic Territory. His successor, Juan Antonio Ríos, faced opposition and pressure from the United States during World War II to declare war on Axis, with which it broke diplomatic relations in 1943. In 1945, Chile declared war on Japan and was one of the fifty-one founding states of the UN. After being supported by the Communist party, the radical Gabriel González Videla was elected president in 1946. However, at the beginning of the Cold War, the alignment of the country with the Western powers led to the banning of communism through the so-called "Damn Law. »In 1948.

In 1952, Carlos Ibáñez del Campo was again elected president, preceded by a profound public disaffection with political parties and the participation, for the first time, of women in presidential elections. Popular support dispersed over the course of his term after difficulties in implementing a government program ascribed to populist nationalism.

Political tensions
In 1958, the right-wing independent Jorge Alessandri was elected with 31.6%, being ratified by the full Congress. His government faced the chaos produced by the 1960 Valdivia earthquake, the largest recorded in the history of mankind, which It did not prevent the realization of the 1962 Soccer World Cup. In this period the agrarian reform began, the Indap was created, Chile joined the Alalc -now Aladi-, and the political system of the «three thirds» was established - made up of the right wing, the Christian Democrats and the leftist Popular Action Front.

Fearing a victory for the Popular Action Front, the right wing supported the Christian democrat Eduardo Frei Montalva, who was elected in 1964. Although he tried to carry out his government program called "Revolution in freedom", through the expansion of agrarian reform and the Chileanization of copper, the rising political tension produced a series of confrontations at the end of his mandate.

With the support of the Popular Unity, Salvador Allende was elected in 1970 with 36.3% of the votes, being ratified by the full Congress. His government faced external economic problems, such as the world crisis of 1972-1973, had an erratic economic policy and strong opposition from the rest of the political spectrum and from Richard Nixon's US government.Copper was nationalized in 1971, but this did not prevent the country from falling into an economic crisis and hyperinflation reaching figures of around 600 and 800%.

Street confrontations between opponents and adherents of the Popular Unity became frequent and reached high levels of violence. Allende, who believed in a democratic revolution, lost the support of the Socialist Party, which believed in the legitimacy of an armed popular uprising to retain power. Finally, on September 11, 1973 there was a coup that ended the Allende government, who committed suicide after the bombing of the La Moneda Palace.

After the coup, a military dictatorship headed by Augusto Pinochet, commander-in-chief of the Army, was established. During this period, political repression against the opposition was established and various human rights violations occurred — there were more than 1000 detainees disappeared, 3000 murdered, more than 35,000 tortured and around 200,000 exiles. In the economic sphere, Pinochet led a restructuring of the State devised by the so-called Chicago Boys, who initiated a series of neoliberal reforms in 1975 that, after one of the worst falls in GDP since 1929 in -12.9% for that year and Of the gross national income available at -23.9%, they led to economic growth with an average annual rate of 7.3% between 1976 and 1981, producing the so-called "miracle of Chile."

In 1978 Chile and Argentina faced each other in the Beagle conflict, for the dominion of the Picton, Nueva and Lennox islands, which was hours away from provoking a war between both countries, being prevented by the mediation of John Paul II.

The period of greatest crisis coincided with the turn of the decade. In the 1980 plebiscite, questioned by various international organizations, Pinochet achieved the approval of a new Constitution; however, the economic crisis of 1982 generated negative growth and increased unemployment and poverty, which led to a series of protests in 1983 against the government and its economic model that lasted until the end of his term. During 1985, after the reduction in social spending and the privatization of most state-owned companies - many of them at a lower price than the market price - the economy managed to recover its economic growth, although it also amplified inequality in income distribution. with poverty levels around 40%.

Return to democracy
At the end of the 1980s, there was a process of return to democracy that culminated in the 1988 plebiscite and the victory of the No option with 54.71% of the votes counted. August Pinochet left office on March 11 1990 and Patricio Aylwin assumed as the first president of the period known as Transition. Aylwin became the first of four presidents who ruled as part of the Concertación, the center-left coalition that opposed Pinochet in the plebiscite and was made up of Christian Democrats, radicals and socialists. After Aylwin, Eduardo Frei Ruiz-Tagle (1994-2000), 133 Ricardo Lagos (2000-2006) and Michelle Bachelet were elected, who in 2006 became the only woman to be one in the history of the country.

The governments of the Concertación were characterized by restoring the democratic regime, establishing a new national policy based on unity and trying to reestablish relations with the Armed Forces. Human rights violations committed during the dictatorship were officially recognized through the Rettig Report and the Valech Commission, and trials were initiated to determine the guilty, many of which ended with the imprisonment of the responsible military. In 2005, a reform to the Constitution made it possible to eliminate the main areas of influence of the old regime that still remained in the country's government.

Economically, the Transition was characterized by significant growth and a strengthening of the country's fiscal and financial position. GDP per capita (PPP) went from about USD 5,835 in 1990 to USD 18,950 in 2010, making Chile one of the most developed countries in Latin America. The neoliberal model was maintained, although economic policies focused on public social spending were promoted and deepened, safeguarding macroeconomic stability and significantly reducing poverty; 23.5% of the population exceeded the poverty line between 1990 and 2009. The country's reintegration in international markets was promoted, signing free trade agreements with the main trading partners and the country's entry into the Organization to Economic Cooperation and Development in 2010.

In 2010, Sebastián Piñera became the first center-rightist to be elected president of the country after 52 years.His mandate was characterized by the economic recovery after the 2008 financial crisis and the reconstruction of the areas affected by the 2010 earthquake in the area. However, it faced important social movements, mainly of high school and university students in 2011 and regional protests in Magallanes and Aysén, in addition to accusations about manipulation of figures, especially in the field of characterization of poverty, inflation and the 2012 census; to which would be added cases of alleged corruption in some of his collaborators after the end of his government.

In 2013, Michelle Bachelet was elected for a second presidential term supported by the forces of the New Majority. Her government was characterized by the impulse of a series of reforms, many oriented to the demands of the social movements that emerged in previous years; Among the most prominent are the changes to the tax system, the partial decriminalization of abortion, reforms to the educational system and the gradual implementation of free education throughout the school system, including higher education. Bachelet also had to face the appearance of several cases of. corruption that shook both the political world and the country's economic elite.In 2018, Piñera assumed her second presidential term, after winning in the elections held the previous year. In her second term there were the largest protests since the return to democracy, where a curfew was decreed in some cities.

Government
The Republic of Chile is a unitary, democratic and presidential State, made up of various autonomous institutions inserted in a constitutional scheme that determines certain functions and distributes powers among State bodies.The state administration is functionally and territorially decentralized and deconcentrated.

Approved in the plebiscite of September 11, 1980,126 the Political Constitution of the Republic of Chile21 —the tenth constitutional text in Chilean history— has governed the country since March 11, 1981. As of 1989, it has been reformed eighteen times.

Geography
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